260 J. S. Lee—An Outline of Chinese Geology. 
of the Work of the Geological Institute is so far the only document 
of its kind published in Chinese, we have little doubt that there will 
be a voluminous flow of Chinese geological literature in the near 
future. 
Our present knowledge, then, is largely derived from the scientific 
writings of the western world. R. Pumpelly, in the years 1862-5, 
was the first to make a serious attempt to unravel the geological 
structure and history of Northern China. Three years later 
F. Richthofen began his life-work. As predecessors or early con- 
temporaries of Richthofen perhaps we should mention A. David, 
who travelled across the Tsing-ling Range, in Mongolia, Kiang-si, 
and other provinces ; T. W. Kingsmill, who visited many parts of the 
Yang-tze Valley; A. S. Bickmore, who journeyed from Canton to 
Hankow. Their labours, however, unlike the case of Richthofen, 
only resulted in the contribution of a few papers and comparatively 
brief reports.1 
In the years 1877-80 L. Loczy ? attached himself to the Expedition 
of Szechény1, and worked under difficult conditions in the lower 
Yang-tze Valley, parts of the Tsing-ling Range, the north part of the 
Nan-shan Ranges, the mountainous region of western Su-chuan and 
western Yun-nan. Several years later V. A. Obrutchov,? a Russian 
geologist, crossed and re-crossed the Nan-shan Ranges, and 
penetrated as far south as the northern border of the Great Red 
Basin ofSu-chuan. Observations werealso made by thesame author 
in Inner Mongolia. K. Futterer * devoted himself for a time to the 
study of the geology of Central Asia and China. In journeying from . 
the north-western border of the country to the Yang-tze Valley, 
Futterer gathered much material that deserves further analysis. 
1 A. David, Journ. d'un voyage en Mongolie et d'un voyage en Chine dans le 
Kiang-si; Journ. de mon troisiéme voyage d’ exploration dans l Empire chinois. 
T. W. Kingsmill, “‘ Geology of the East Coast of China”: Journ. Geol. Soc. 
Dublin; “A Sketch of the Geology of a portion of Quang-tung Province ”’ : 
Journ. Brit. Roy. Asiat. Soc. N. China Br., n.s. II, 1865, pp. 1-38; “‘ Notes 
of the Geology of China’’: Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxv, 1869. A. S. 
Bickmore, ‘‘ Sketch of a Journey from Canton to Hankow, etc.” : Journ. 
Brit. Roy. Asiat. Soc. N. China Br., N.S. iv, pp. 1-20, 1867; ‘‘ Remarks on the 
recent Geol. Changes in China and Japan’’: Amer. Journ. Sct. and Arts, 
ser. li, pp. 209-17, 1868. 
2 L. Loczy, Die Beschreibung d. geol. Beob. u. d. Result. d. Reise d. Grafen 
Bela Szechényi in Ostasien, 1877-80. 
_ 8 V. A. Obrutchov, Central Asia, Northern China, and the Nan-shan (in 
Russian); ‘‘ Geol. Sketch along the route from Fun-chou-fu to Lan-joi”’ : 
Tzv. I.R.G. Soc., vol. xxix, 1893, pp. 391-407 ; ‘‘ Kurz geol. Ski. d. Karawan- 
strasse v. Kjachta b. Kalgan’’: Izv. I.R.G. Soc., vol. xxix, pp. 347-390 ; 
‘Sketch of Central Nan-shan Range’’: Jzv. I.R.G. Soc., vol. xxx, 1894, 
pp. 709-34 ; ‘‘ Orogra. u. geol. Umriss d. Central Mongolei, Ordos, Ost Kan-su 
u. N. Shen-si”’: Izv. I.R.G. Soc., vol. xxx, 1894, pp. 231-53. 
4 K. Futterer, “‘ Durch Asien: Die allgemeinen geol. Ergeb. d. neu. Forsch. 
in Zentral-Asien u. China’’: Peter. Miti., 1897, Ergan. Nr. 119, pp. 1-60; 
“ Ueber Gestalt u. Gliederung einer Grundlinie in d. Morphologie Ostasiens ”’ : 
Peter. Mitt., vol. xlvii, 1901, pp. 140-2; ““Die geol. Bild. Centralasiens u. 
Chinas’’: Verh. Naturw. Ver. Karlsruhe, vol. xiii, pp. 205-8. 
