J. 8S. Lee—An Outline of Chinese Geology. 261 
F. Leprince-Ringuet ! in 1898-9, acting on the instruction of the 
French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, made observations in the Shan-si 
coal-field, and dealt to some extent with the genera! structure of 
Nerthern China. The stratigraphical results obtained by Lorenz ? 
from his field-study in Shan-tung and from his paleontological 
research are distinctly of scientific value. Vogelsang’s* report on his 
journey in northern Chi-li and western Hu-peh contains useful data 
for petrographical and tectonic study. 
While these writers intermittently pursued their researches, 
Richthofen was all the time publishing original papers and parts of 
his epoch-making work China. Unfortunately he did not live to 
complete the latter. A few years before Richthofen’s death 
Dr. Bailey Willis was appointed to take charge of the Carnegie 
Expedition. After a discussion with Richthofen of a most profitable 
route for the expedition, Bailey Willis and E. Blackwelder carried 
out a reconnaissance In western Shan-tung, southern Manchuria, 
the adjoining districts of Chi-li and Shan-si, central Shan-si, the 
bordering area between Shen-si, Su-chuan, and Hu-peh, and the 
Yang-tze Gorges. They obtained much valuable information ‘ 
within a relatively shert period of time. Dr. Willis recognizes 
several physiographic stages in Northern and Central China from a 
geo-morphological point of view. The application of this method is 
especially fascinating for the study of Chinese geology, not because 
of its novelty to some geologists, but because of the fact that China 
has been essentially a continental country since the latter part of 
the Jurassic period ; and therefore we are forced to look into the 
successive stages of erosion instead of merely relying upon the meagre 
record of deposition. As a summary of the results obtained by 
the Carnegie Expedition and by the previous workers, Dr. Willis 
published a comprehensive but somewhat hypothetical account of 
the Systematic Geology of China. 
As to the south-western provinces, our geological knowledge is 
almost exclusively due to the labours of French explorers.> Beginning 
1 Leprince-Ringuet, ‘‘ Etude géol. sur le nord de la Chine”’: Ann. d. min., 
sér. ix, vol. xix, 1901, pp. 346-429. 
2 Th. Lorenz, “‘ Beitrage z. Geol. u. Palaeont. v. Ostasien unter besond. 
Bertick. d. Prov. Shan-tung in China’”’: Zeits. d. d. Geol. Gesell., vol. lvii, 
pp. 438-97, and vol. lviii, Aufsaitze, pp. 53-107. 
3 K. Vogelsang, ‘‘ Reisen in nord. u. mitt]. China’’: Peter. Mitt., vol. xlvii, 
pp. 241-78, and vol. 1, pp. 11-19. 
* Bailey Willis, The Research in China (1903-4), Carnegie Institution. 
° Leclére, Htude géol. et. miniére d. prov. chinoises voisines du Tonkin. Monod, 
“ Contribution a l’étude géol. d. prov. merid. de la Chine’: Bull. économ. 
Indo-Chine, vol. iv, pp. 619-87 ; ‘‘ Annonce l’existence de la huille devonienne, 
ete. ”’: C.R. Acad. Sct., vol. cxxxii. pp. 270-2. H. Lantenois, “‘ Note sur la 
géologie et les min. de la région comprise entre Lao-kay et Yunnan-sen”’: 
Ann. d. min., sér. X, liv. iii, pp. 300-84, and liv. iv, pp. 385-503, 1907. A. F. 
Legendre, ‘“‘ Massif Sino-Thibétain, Province d. Setchouen, d. Yunnan et 
Marches thibétaines ; ‘‘ de la géologie d. pays Lolo”’: Bull. Mus. d’hist. nat. 
d. Paris, 1910, No. 1, pp. 59-62. J. Deprat and H. Mansuy, ‘‘ Etude géol. d. 
Yunnan oriental’: Mem. d. Service géol. d. I Indo-Chine, 1912-13. 
