J. S. Lee—An Outline of Chinese Geology. 329 
series, is accordingly assigned to the older systems. It should be 
noted, however, that in the Nankou area, north-western Chi-h, 
the Nankou limestone appears to pass upwards into the Sinian 
without a notable break.1 The upper boundary of the Sinian System 
is likewise well defined by a stratigraphical break of considerable 
vertical range and horizontal extent. Immediately above this 
plane of unconformity lies the coal-bearing Shansian System. 
Throughout north-east China, namely, the area comprising the . 
provinces of Shan-tung, Chi-li, Shan-si, and Ho-nan, the develop- 
ment of the Sinian System is wonderfully similar in lithology as well 
as in faunal record. Nowhere within the above-described area do 
the succession and the character of the three principal series of the 
Sinian differ to any extent from the following generalized section in 
descending order :— 
c. Orthoceras Limestone. A massive, uniform limestone often dolomitic ; 
containing few fossils excepting in one zone near the top of the 
series where whole beds are formed by Orthoceras and Actinoceras. 
Asaphus, Maclurea, and other Ordovician forms are rarely found. 
The Tsinan Limestone of western Shan-tung and the upper 
Kichou Limestone of north-eastern Shan-siare local representatives 
of this series. 
b. Globulitic Limestone. Series of peculiar oolitic, globulitic, or even 
pseudo-conglomeratic limestones with occasional intercalations of 
shale; crowded with Upper and Middle Cambrian fossils, 
particularly  trilobitic remains; Ptychaspis,  Tsinania, 
Conokephalina, Anomocare, Anomocarella, Dorypyge, Ptychoparia, 
Drepanura, Agnostus, etc., are among the well-known genera. 
In Liao-tung and western Shan-tung Richthofen names the 
upper part of this limestone the Lung-moénn Series and the lower 
part the Tung-w6nn Series; Blackwelder calls them the Kiu-lung 
Group. In Shan-si it is represented by the lower part of the 
Kichou Limestone. 
a. Manto Shale. Red and brown shales with subordinate sandstones 
and earthy limestones containing the characteristic species 
Redlichia chinensis, a form resembling Olenellus. 
1 China, vol. 11, p. 306. 
(To be concluded.) 
