J. S. Lee—An Outline of Chinese Geology. 417 
and the same continent—the Angara Continent 1—in the Jurassic 
time. 
Post-JURASSIC. 
The period extending from the latter part of the Jurassic down 
to the present day is poorly represented in China by sedimentary 
record. The occurrence of a few Unio and Cyrena related to the 
Wealden fauna,” and one or two species of Cretaceous ? plants ® 
in the Great Red Basin of Su-chuan, makes it highly probable that 
the Cretaceous period is there represented by a series of sandstones 
and clay-rocks as reported by Richthofen, Abendanon, and Cremer 
from eastern Su-chuan. This series is underlain by the coal-bearing 
Jurassic formation and overlain by a group of red sandstones of 
Tertiary age. No marine Cretaceous formation has been found in 
China proper, nor does it seem to occur in that part of the world. 
Tertiary and Quarternary rocks are widely distributed in China, 
and attain a considerable thickness in places. With respect to their 
lithology, five groups are recognizable. They are enumerated below 
irrespective of the order of their formation :— 
(1) Coal-bearing, sandy, and clayey rocks occurring in the graben of the 
Jiao-ho, Manchuria; and in the Mong-tzeu and other basins, 
Yun-nan. 
(2) A group of red sandstones, known as the Young Red Sandstone, 
often containing intercalated marly layers and basal conglomerate ; 
widely distributed all over the Great Red Basin of Su-chuan, 
in the provinces of Hu-nan, Kwei-chou, Kwang-tung, Kiang-si, 
An-hwei, Hu-peh, Ho-nan, Shen-si, Kan-su. They are reported 
to occur. on the high mountains of the Tsing-ling and in the 
valleys of the Nan-shan. Several local names have been pro- 
posed: Loczy calls it the Flysch-lkxe sandstone in the 
mountainous area of western Su-chuan, Richthofen calls it the 
“ Cover Sandstone ’’ (Deckesandstein) in the province of Hu-nan. 
These rocks generally strike east-west or north-south except in the 
intermontain valleys of the high ranges where its dip, as a rule, 
conforms with the slope of the range against which it laps. 
Mammalian remains, largely belonging to the Pliocene but rarely 
to the Quaternary,* are frequently found in the bedded rocks of 
this series or in the caves formed in it. 
(3) The Gobi or Han-hai ® Series consisting of soft sandstones, clays, and 
loose conglomerate ; well developed in north-western China and 
Mongolia ; merging, in some cases, into the Young Red Sandstone. 
(4) A conglomerate significantly developed on the down-throw sides 
of great normal faults in northern China, e.g..in the Ning-shan 
Basin, Shan-si, and in the Wen-ho Valley, Shan-tung. Wiilis and 
Blackwelder name it the Wen-ho Conglomerate.® 
1 Suess, The Face of the Earth, vol. iii, p. 19. 
2 Frech, China, vol. v, pp. 221-5. 
3 Journ. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, vol. xxi, art. 9. 
4 Owen, “‘ On Fossil Remains of Mammals found in China’’: Quart. Journ. 
Geol. Soc., vol. xxvi, pp. 417-84. Schlosser, ‘‘ Die fossilen Siugethiere Chinas”’ : 
Centralbl. f. M.G., 1902, 529-35; Abh. K. bay. Akad. Wiss., vol. xxii, 1903, 
pp. 1-221. Koken, “ Ueber fossile Siugethiere aus China’: Palwont. Abh., 
vol. iii, 1885. 
5 Peter. Mitt., vol. xlvi, 1900, pp. 22-3. 
8 Willis, op. cit., pp. 57-8. 
VOL. LVIII.—NO. Ix. 27 
