34 Professor J. W. Gregory — The English " Eskers ". 



described in Holderness.^ The best-known example is at Brandes- 

 burton, E. of Beverley, and outside of Carvill Lewis' line of 

 E. Yorkshire terminal moraine. It contains marine shells. The 

 course and form of this ridge is well shown on the 6 in. map, Yorks, 

 East Riding, 196 N.E. It is about 2 miles long, and includes 

 Barff Hill, Coneygarth Hill, and Gildholm Hill. I have not visited 

 it ; but its position suggests its origin as a kame marginal to the 

 North Sea ice. A more detailed account of this formation is 

 desirable. 



IV. Lincolnshire. 



Eskers have been described by Sir A. Strahan at two localities 

 in E. Lincolnshire.^ Near Binbrook Walk House, 6 mUes N.W. of 

 Louth, are three patches of gravel, which in one pit is cemented to 

 conglomerate and breccia, in another it occurs as loose stratified 

 gravel, mainly of rolled flints ; the deposit occurs in a Chalk valley. 



The other esker is S. of Panton Eailway Station, 12 miles E.N.E. 

 of Lincoln. According to Sir A. Strahan, its gravels are probably 

 older than the Chalky Boulder Clay, and it formed a ridge trending 

 N. and S., which has been cut through by the stream that flows 

 from Market Stainton to Wragby. 



The part of the ridge S. of the stream is the largest ; it has, 

 when seen from the W., a flat-topped sky-line. The material is 

 exposed in a pit 20 feet deep and about 15 acres in area. Erratics, 

 one of coarse grit 3 by 2| by 1|^ feet, occur on the road which crosses 

 the S. end of the ridge. The section at the N.W. end of the pit 

 shows at the top contorted flint gravel with pockets of sand and 

 loam ; below this layer is sand ; at the bottom is a flint gravel 

 with a loamy base and cobbles of porphyritic basalt and cherty 

 grit. At the S. end of the pit the lowest bed is a white sand. The 

 sides of the pit show great variations in the structure of the beds ; 

 but the main bedding is horizontal, not inclined, and the succession 

 of the layers is not periodic. The succession is from white sands 

 at the base, through gravel with a loamy base, and bedded loams, 

 to contorted gravel and sand at the top. This represents a marked 

 change in the conditions of the deposit, but I saw no indications 

 of the seasonal banding or of the regular repetition of sequence 

 characteristic of osar. This " esker " is a dissected fluvioglacial 

 kame which was probably formed as interglacial gravel by wash 

 from ice to the E. 



V. Norfolk. 



1. Gravel Mounds of S.W. Norfolk.- — In Norfolk are widespread 

 glacial gravels, some of which have been described as eskers, as by 

 Mr. T. V. Holmes (Geol. Mag., 1883, p. Ml), who, however, uses the 

 term also for non-glacial deposits as he applies it to gravels in the 

 tropical coasts of Peru. The term " esker " was apparently first 



1 J. Phillips, Eivers, etc., Yorks., 1853, p. 124 ; Mem. Geol. Surv., 93 S.E., 

 1886, p. 33 ; Geol. Holderness, 1885, pp. 51-3. 



2 Mem. Geol. Surv., 83, 1888, pp. 124-5. 



