Professor J. W. Gregory— The English " Eskers ". 37 



kame formed near the margin of the ice which deposited the North 

 Sea Drift. 



4. Cromer. — The Lighthouse Hill at Cromer has been mentioned 

 by Mr. T. V. Holmes as resembling an esker, but he explains it, and 

 the Beeston Hills to the W. of Cromer, as " hills of circumdenuda- 

 tion " ^. The Lighthouse Hills are sand-dunes resting on con- 

 torted drift. 



VI. Cumberland — N. Lancashire. 



The N. and W. Margin of the Lakes. — Kames and eskers have 

 been described from N. Cumberland around Carlisle ; they may be 

 conveniently considered in connexion with the extensive series 

 on the Scottish side of the Solway. Those near Carlisle have been 

 described by T. V. Holmes 2 and J. G. Goodchild.^ On the W. 

 side of the Lake District, A. H. Green * described as eskers the gravel 

 mounds in lower Ennerdale and explained them as tidal deposits ; 

 they occur where a kame might be formed along the sea front of 

 the Ennerdale glacier. 



2. The Valleys of the Lake District. — In the valleys of Cumberland 

 and Westmorland numerous mounds have been described as eskers, 

 e.g. at the mouth of Garsdale, N. of Fell Yeat,^ in Milburn 

 Beck, N. of Knock Pike, and Cosca Hill, E. of Knock Gill,' near 

 Staveley and Kendal (i mile S. of Loundeg), and at Blea Beck Old 

 Bridge, Shap Wells.^ Professor J. E. Marr " has mentioned several 

 and remarks their origin in various ways. Most of these formations 

 seem to be due to the denudation of beds of post-glacial, or, as 

 suggested in the 3Ieni. Geol. Surv. for the ridge at Fell Yeat, of 

 interglacial gravel. None of those mentioned which I have seen, 

 or others of the same kind, appear to be either osar or kames. 



3. The Carnforth Gravels and Kames. — The Carnforth gravels are 

 of historic interest, as they were referred to by Buckland ^ as morainic 

 in his classic paper on the British glacial deposits. Subsequently 

 they have been referred to by Mackintosh.^" The range of the S. 

 part of the sheet of sands and gravels to which they belong is given 

 on the Geol. Surv. Map, Drift Ed., 91 N.E. ; but little definite 

 information has been published regarding them. Professor Marr 

 has kindly lent me the 6 in. maps of the area with many of his notes 

 thereon, which were of much use in my visit. The gravels are seen 

 from the L. & N.W. Railway at Carnforth Station, around which 

 the best sections occur. Hawes Hill Pit, S. of the station and E. of 



1 Geol. Mag., 1883, p. 441. 



2 Geol. Mag., 1883, pp. 439-40 ; Ilem. Geol. Surv., Carlisle, 1899, pp. 45-7. 



3 Q..J.G.S., xxi, 187.5, pp. 91, 92. 



4 Geology, 1876, pp. 470-1. 



5 Mem. Geol. Surv., 97 N.W., p. 188. 

 « Mem. Geol. Surv., 102 S.W., p. 98. 



" Mem. Geol. Surv., 98 N.E., 1888, pp. 42, 45. 



8 Geol. Lake District, 1916, pp. 179-80. 



9 Proc. Geol. Soc, iii, 1841, p. 347. 

 ^0 Q.J.G.S., xxix, 1873, p. 354. 



