38 Professor J. W. Gregory — Tlie Englisli " Eskers ". 



the railway, has an esker-like aspect at the S. end of the pit, as it 

 has an arch bedding ; but this structure is not due to deposition 

 but to later movements. The core of this arch consists of a flat- 

 topped block of gravel capped by laminated loam ; above this 

 loam is coarse gravel which sinks at each end of the section below 

 a higher layer of the bedded loam. The former continuations of 

 the bed capping the core has sunk, as would have happened if they 

 had rested on imbedded masses of ice which had melted away ; on 

 the E. side the loam is bent down and is thinner, having been pulled 

 out by the subsidence ; on the W. side the layer of loam has been 

 broken and the coarse gravels above rest through the breach directly 

 on the core. The N. face of the pit, about 20 feet high, shows the 

 typical gravels of Hawes Hill, which consist of an irregular succession 

 of bedded sands and gravels ; the main bedding is there horizontal 

 with a slight general dip to the W. ; the lower part of the section 

 consists of coarse gravels with a dip to the W. ; above are lenticular 

 and irregular beds of sand and gravel, which are much false-bedded 

 and show; repeated contemporaneous erosion. The upper part 

 consists of loams and gravels, and the horizontality of their main 

 bedding is shown by three layers of loam which extend across the 

 section with only a very slight dip to the W. Sections at right 

 angles to this face show that the main bedding in the direction 

 N. and S. is also nearly horizontal. 



At the N.W. corner of Hawes Hill the upper layer is crowded 

 with large boulders doubtless collected by the washing away of 

 the finer constituents. 



At the Locomotive Works W. of the railway, in a projection N, 

 of the main shunting yards, the beds dip to the E. In the W. side 

 of this section is a fault with a downthrow to the W. of 3| feet. 

 The beds consist of a succession of torrential gravels, and of fine 

 gravels, sand, and loam. At the base is a bed of coarse gravel 

 dipping E. ; above it is a layer composed of three beds dipping 

 more steeply to the E. ; at the W. end is a wedge-shaped mass 

 of fine gravel and sand ; this is flanked to the E. by bouldery 

 drift, which is in turn succeeded by brown sandy loam. These 

 three beds are cut off above by a denuded surface, on which was 

 laid a sheet of bedded sand and gravel, that is covered at the S. 

 end by a bouldery wash. The dip of these beds to the E. and that 

 at Hawes Hill to the W. indicates that the beds were deposited on 

 the banks of a valley through which the Keer once discharged S. 

 past Bolton-le-Sands. The drumlin known as Hunting Hill (150 feet 

 high), which rises W. of the Locomotive Works, is part of the western 

 bank of this old valley. 



The gravel pits at Carnforth Bridge, which were probably those 

 seen by Buckland, are now mostly overgrown ; but a new section 

 on the S. bank of the canal, 600 yards E.N.E. of the bridge, shows 

 gravel at the base overlain by bedded sands, into which irregular 

 channels have been cut and filled by coarse bouldery wash ; at the 



