Professor J. W. Gregory — The English " Eskers ". 39 



W. end of the section a vertical cliff had been cut into the lower 

 gravel and sands, and coarse gravel dumped against the cliff, the 

 bedding being almost vertical at the cliff face. 



The Carnforth gravels are typical fluvioglacial deposits, laid 

 down by torrential streams ; I saw no striated boulders or con- 

 tortions like those in drifts disturbed by ice ; but there are faults 

 such as have often been attributed to the melting of blocks of ice 

 or frozen sand. Most of the boulders are of Carboniferous lime- 

 stone, with an assortment of rocks from the N. ; and this mixture 

 of materials which were brought to the neighbourhood by ice justifies 

 Buckland's description of the gravels as " detritus of moraines ". 



The arrangement of the gravels is not osar-like ; the irregularity 

 of the deposits is due to frequent contemporaneous erosion and to 

 deposition by streams varying frequently both in strength and 

 direction. There is no sign of regular seasonal banding. 



The surface of the Carnforth gravels forms mounds with a few 

 secondary ridge-like forms ; but they seem due to erosion. 

 According to the Geol. Survey Map (Sh. 91 N.E., Drift) the gravels 

 extend S.E. past Thwaites House and end there abruptly on an 

 E.W. line ; the hills which rise to 208 feet, from about 160 feet, are 

 shown by the map as part of the sands and gravels, but they appear 

 to be drumlins of sandy boulder clay ; the Carnforth gravels lay 

 at a lower level, not rising above about 70 feet. 



The boulders from the Lake District suggest the derivation of 

 the Carnforth gravels from the N. down the valley followed by the 

 road from Carnforth to Milnthorpe. Some of the hills near Burton- 

 in-Lonsdale (4 miles N. of Carnforth) a,ppeared from the railway 

 to be kame-like ; but those visited are of boulder clay with numerous 

 striated boulders, as on the S. side of the wide "' moss " S.W. of 

 Burton Station. The furthest N. at which I have seen the Carnforth 

 fluvioglacial gravels is on the W. side of the Milnthorpe road, S. of 

 Yealand Conyers, | mile N. of its junction with the Burton Road. 

 The gravels there are coarse and cemented ; they were clearly 

 derived from boulder clay and deposited on the valley floor. 

 Further S. the gravels spread out as a wide sheet and are worked 

 in a shallow pit, N. of the Keer bridge ; the bed is a typical fluvio- 

 glacial false-bedded sandy gravel with pockets of loam, such as 

 is laid down on the flood plain of a rapid, shifting river. These 

 deposits indicate that one source of the Carnforth gravels was a 

 river coming down the valley from Burton and Kendal. Another 

 contribution was received through the Keer valley from the N.E., 

 past Kellet Bridge. 



4. The Kellet Bridge Karnes. — The best-developed ridges of 

 glacial drifts near Carnforth are near Kellet Bridge, about 2 miles 

 E.N.E. of Carnforth Bridge and at the level of 50 feet O.D. My 

 attention was kindly called to them by Professor Marr. They 

 consist of a double series of low ridges usually about 15 feet high. 

 They are in places so regular and look so artificial that the farmer on 



