Professor J. W. Gregory — The Eiiglislt " Eskers". 43 



The only known osar are those of Kingswinford and Newport 

 (Salop). Kames are numerous, and may be grouped into three 

 geographical series. The eastern series includes those formed along 

 the margin of the Cheviot ice in Northumberland and Durham, and 

 further S. the kames of Brandesburton, E. Lincolnshire, and 

 Blakeney, which were probably deposited along the W. margin of 

 the North Sea ice. The second series occurs along the probable 

 E. margin of the ice sheets that flowed from the mountains of 

 Wales and N. England ; it includes the Roman Eidge near Ripon, 

 the kames of the Aire Valley near Bingley, of E. Cheshire, those near 

 Lichfield, and the mounds of the Monmouthshire Usk on the E. 

 margin of the S. Wales ice. The third series lies along the former 

 W. edge of the English ice sheet and was deposited at intervals during 

 its retreat ; this series includes the kames of the Solway ; Ennerdale ; 

 near Carnforth (though the Kellet Bridge kames were formed along 

 the S.E. margin of a lobe of this ice) ; in the Isle of Man ; Anglesey ; 

 and near Aberystwyth. The kames are not all of the same age ; 

 some, e.g. those at Kellet Bridge and of the coast of Northumberland, 

 belong to the last glaciation ; while others, e.g. those in E. Lincoln, 

 Hunstanton, and Blakeney, are interglacial, being overlain by boulder 

 clays belonging to the North Sea Drift. 



The kames and osar agree in being restricted to comparatively 

 low levels ; usually below 200 feet O.D., but those in E. Durham 

 rise to 500 feet above sea level. The Lanshaw Delves are excluded 

 as a moraine and the shelly sands at Glopj)a, Moel-y-Crio, etc., as 

 not true kames. This restriction of kames both in height and 

 horizontal range may be due to the deposits having been 

 accumulated in ridges instead of spread out in sheets, owing 

 to the ice having entered a sheet of water. This view has been 

 expressed by Green for the kames of Ennerdale and Airedale, by 

 Keeping for that near Aberystwyth, by Professor Boulton for 

 that of Kingswinford, and by Dr. Sniythe for those of S.E. 

 Northumberland ; ^ and it is in accordance with the explanation 

 adopted for kame and osar formation in other countries. 



The distribution of the kames and osar is shown on the sketch- 

 map, fig. 1,2 upon which is also shown, modified in places, Carvill 

 Lewis' line marking the position of the terminal moraine, which, 

 according to him, marked the limit of the English land-ice. The 

 line requires modification, for Lewis' later observations showed that 

 the range of the land-ice was in places wider than he had at first 

 recognized, as aroimd Birmingham, and was elsewhere less extensive, 

 as in N.E. Yorkshire. The kames are naturally not continuous all 

 along that line, for they are readily destroyed by denudation ; 

 and on the view that they were formed where the ice entered water, 

 they would not be found where the ice-front crossed what is now 



Trans. N.H.S. Northumberland, iv, 1910, p. 111. 



For help in this map I am indebted to Mr. M. A. Peacock 



