Dr. Woolacott — A Raised Beach in Durliain. 67 



conditions, hence the greater accumulation of bored rocks, shells, 

 and shell-fragments, and their more distinctly bedded nature than is 

 usually the case in other exposures of them along the coast. All 

 the features of a typical raised beach appear to be combined here. 

 It is obvioas that a great quantity of the Glacial deposits must have 

 been denuded to form these beds, and it thus seems probable that 

 one of the reasons for the unequal distribution of the shells in them 

 is that where the boulder clay was being most eroded the water 

 would be muddy and the life of the shore scarcer, and another is 

 that the beds that are exposed were not always deposited on a rock 

 platform, but on boulder clay, and the accumulations of material 

 in these areas must have been very loose and coarse. In such 

 conditions and in such material whole shells are not likely to be 

 preserved. It is, however, probable that the rock platform is 

 buried beneath and behind the deposits ex2)osed along the coast, 

 and that the raised beach characters would always be more definite 

 on this ledge. (4) The pebbles, of which the conglomerate at the 

 particular point discussed is formed, are generally distinctly water- 

 worn, but some are more or less angular. In it there are fragments of 

 Magnesian Limestone, quartz, quartzite, flint, sandstone, granite, 

 olivine-basalt. Volcanic Series of Borrowdale from the Lake District, 

 and porphyritic lava from the Cheviots. It is perhaps worthy 

 of note that the Cheviot and Lake District rocks occur in the loose, 

 sandy base of the dejjosit as well as in the calcreted part above. 

 About fifty per cent of the rocks are foreign to the district, and 

 have, in my opinion, been derived from the denudation of the 

 Glacial deposits of the area. There is no evidence that any have 

 been brought to the point by floating ice, but even if it is allowed 

 that some have, yet it is evident that the Firth of Forth, Lake 

 District, and Tweed-Cheviot ice must have been occupying part of 

 the east coast at the time. The writer is of the opinion that the 

 deposit is definitely later than the formation of the Main or British 

 boulder clay. The conglomerate can be followed to the south in an 

 unbroken course along the rock platform on to boulder clay, from the 

 erosion of which it appears to have been in part derived. On the 

 clay the wave-cut shelf becomes less distinct, and the cemented 

 gravels thicken downwards (Fig. 2). The assemblage of stones at 

 Easington, and in the conglomerate to the north and south, is similar 

 to that which is accumulating along the Durham coast at the present 

 day, in places where the cliff is composed of Permian Limestone 

 and boulder clay. (5) The calcreted gravels can be followed in an 

 unbroken course for a considerable distance, and can be traced for 

 some miles. This layer is much more persistent than the platform 

 on which it rests. At several points below the 60-ft. level 

 accumulations of fragmental material occur. These were, in my 

 opinion, formed at the same time as the Raised Beach at Easington. 

 They consist of a series of deposits, varying much in character and 

 coarseness, and are composed of sand, gravel, hard calcreted 



