74 C. Edmonds — 



EXPLANATION OF PLATE V. 



Fig. 1. — 60-ft. Raised Beach at Easington. The section shown is about 

 6 feet in thiclaiess and consists of bedded sands and gravels resting on a 

 wave-cut platform of Magnesian limestone. In a cutting which was 

 made above the deposit the bedded cemented gravels and sands were 

 proved to be 15 feet in thiclaiess (on the face), overlaid by a few 

 inches of loose shell -bearing ?;anc1, above which was reassorted boulder 

 clay. The whole being covered by washed soil. 



EiG. 2. — Photographs of cliffs at Easington, showing 60-ft. Raised Beach 

 resting on rock shelf. The cliff is about 75 feet high. Along the part 

 shown the beach rests on limestone, but tlie course of cemented gravels 

 can be distinctly followed to the south, when it passes on to boulder 

 clay. The platform becomes less uniform and distinct and the gravels 

 thicken downwards. The top of the course, however, keeps on the 

 same level. R. Raised Beach. M. Middle Magnesian Limestone — 

 eastern equivalents of the Reef which forms Beacon Hill immediately 

 behind the coast at this point. (Fig. 3.) 



The Carboniferous Liijiestone Series of 

 West Cumberland. 



By Charles Edmonds. 



Introduction, 



TTlHE area under consideration extends from the mining town ot 

 -*- Egremont to Scalesmoor Farm in the parish of Lamplugh in 

 West Cumberland, and comprises a tract of country 9 miles in 

 length and rather less than 3 miles in width, running from S.S.W. 

 to N.N.E. It forms the south-eastern margin of the Whitehaven 

 Coalfield, and is the western portion of the " collar " of Lower 

 Carboniferous rocks almost surrounding the older Palajozoic rocks 

 of which the Lake District proper is composed. The area consists 



Notes to p. 73. 



^ Mr. E. Merrick informs me this depression can be definitely proved to have 

 occurred. 



^ Some of the clay with boulders (unstriated or occasionally striated) which 

 is often called boulder-clay is not of direct Glacial origin, but is reassorted 

 material. Another term should be used to distinguish it, perhaps " Stony 

 clay " would do. 



^ This statement is true whether we accept the higher beach as proved or 

 not, although in my opinion the extent and mode of occurrence of the leafy 

 clays necessitate the existence of the higher beach. The formation of the 

 beaches was contemporaneous with the deposition of stony and stoneless 

 reassorted non -laminated clays and with leafy clays ; and the uplift with 

 extensive erosion of these and earlier Glacial and Flu vio -glacial beds. The 

 Kirmington estuarine deposit was probably laid down at the same time as 

 the leafy clays of the Tyne valley. 



* I am of the opinion that the sea invaded the area as the ice was melting. 

 The rafted boulders which have been dropped into the deposits were carried 

 by floating ice (no remains of trees are found in the clays), and the contorted 

 sands that sometimes occur (e.g. Ryhope) were probably produced by stranding 

 ice-blocks. 



^ Same as the Purple Clay of Yorkshire. 



* The Yorkshire Basement Clay is probably slightly later than the Durham. 

 The evidence appears to prove that there was a Glaciation-Interval 

 {Interglacial Period ?) between. 



