76 G. Edmonds — 



defined. It was thought that if such horizons .could be definitely 

 established and readily recognized they might be of economic 

 advantage in the location and exploitation of the ore-bodies in that 

 part of the district. The results obtained then and since afford 

 a basis for a comparison with the faunal divisions established else- 

 where by the classic work of Vaughan ^ and Garwood ^ ; whilst the 

 lithological examiiaation reveals certain interesting rock- types 

 which are also prevalent in other areas, especially many of those 

 described by Mr. E. E. L. Dixon ^ in his work on Gower. 



The following pages are intended to be a preliminary account of 

 the full work. 



Geneeal Structural and Physical Features op the Outcrops.. 



At Egremont, the southern extremity of the outcrop of the 

 Carboniferous Limestone of West Cumberland, the various members 

 of the series emerge from beneath a covering of New Eed rocks, 

 viz. the St. Bees Sandstone, red marls, and breccia. The Fourth 

 or Clints Limestone (Table II), the thickest member of the series, 

 appears at the surface on the north-west side of the town in Gillfoot 

 Park and forms the high ground on the west side of the Egremont- 

 Whitehaven road, and then as a marked ridge passes through 

 Clints to Woodend Station. West of this ridge the First or Bigrigg 

 Limestone crops out near Langhorn Farm ; it is then shifted to 

 the east behind Bigrigg Moor houses, v/here it is thrown down by 

 various faults and does not re-emerge until Birks Farm, north-east- 

 of Cleator Moor, is reached. The bottom beds, the Sixth and Seventh 

 Limestones, form the bed of the Ehen River for a short distance 

 north-east of Briscoe Mount. The Seventh or Bottom Limestone 

 reappearing at Todholes, is the outcrop limestone as far as Frizmgton 

 Parks, where the series is shifted to the east by the great Yeathouse 

 fault, which brings the St. Bees Sandstone down to the same level 

 as the Bottom Limestone. The Fourth Limestone can again be 

 traced by a marked ridge east of Frizington, and again at Eskett, 

 Salter, and Rowrah. From K el ton Head Quarries it passes through 

 Lamplugh to Scalesmoor Farm. 



The Orebank Sandstone, a more or less shaly sandstone lying 

 between the Second and Third Limestones, can usually be traced 

 as a level tract between the higheT ridge caused by the thick Third 

 and Fourth Limestones and the lesser ridge formed by the First 

 i^nd Second Limestones, in spite of the fact that the contour of the- 

 district has been considerably modified by glacial agencies and 

 recent denudation. On the whole, the outcrop of the series presents 

 an alternation of terrace scarps and more level tracts, the gentle 



^ " The Palaeontolosical Sequence in the Carboniferous Limestone of the 

 Bristol Area " : Q.J.G^S., vol. Ixi, 1905, p. 181. 



2 " On the Lower Carboniferous Succession in the North-West of England " : 

 Q.J.G.S., vol. Ixviii, 1912, p. 449. 



3 "The Carboniferous Succession in Gower": Q.J.G.S., vol. Ixvii, 1911,, 

 p. 477. 



