THE 



GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE 



VOLUME LIX. 



No. X.— OCTOBER, 1922. 



ORIGINAL ARTICLES. 



Pliocene (Tertiary) and Early Pleistocene (Quaternary) 

 Mammalia of East Anglia, Great Britain, in Relation 

 to the Appearance of Man. 



B3' Henry Fairfield Osborn. 



TN studying the evolution and distribution of tlie Proboscidea 

 -*- and tiie arrival of man in Great Britain (Osborn, 1922, 1922a, 

 I922h), the writer has recently had occasion to review the faunal 

 researches of Lydekker and Newton, and the collection of Mr. A. C. 

 Savin, in connexion with the very interesting question of the geologic 

 correlation of Great Britain with the tapper Pliocene fauna of Europe 

 to the south-east, and of the Scandinavian Glaciation I on the 

 north, with the advent of the northern forest, the boreal, and the 

 Arctic mammal fauna of Great Britain. 



A resume of the geologic conditions cited by Geikie (1882) and 

 Prestwich (1871), more recently reviewed by Clement Reid (1890), 

 is as follows : — 



The south-eastern counties of England began to subside toward 

 the close of the Pliocene and some fluviomarine sandbanks and 

 shelly deposits were laid down, termed " Crag ", and subdivided, 

 according to their proportion of living species, into the following 

 descending series : — ■ 



Feet. 

 Forest Bed group . . . . . . . 10 to 70 



Exi)osed for many miles at the base of glacial 

 deposits of cliffs on north-east coast of 

 Norfolk. 

 Chillesford beds — Chillesford Clay [= Weybourn Crag]. 1 „ 8 

 Chillesford Sand with shells . . 5 „ 8 



A thin local deposit in Suffolk. Two-thirds of 

 the Mollusca still live in Arctic waters. 

 Norwich Crag . . . . . . . . 5 „ 10 



Fluviomarine or Mammaliferous Crag : of 

 Mollusca, 93 per cent still living ; northern 

 sjjecies of molluscs, e.g. Aslarte borealin, 

 forerunners of Arctic invasion. 

 Red Crag ......... 25 



Of Mollusca, 92 per cent still living ; of corals, 

 14 out of 25 species still native. 



White Crag 40 „ 60 



(Suffolk, Coralline, or Bryozoan Crag.) 



According to Prestwich {fide Geikie, 1882, p. 872), the evidence of 

 change of climate derivable from the English Pliocene Mollusca 

 may be grouped as follows : — 



VOL. LIX. — NO. X. 28 



