Pliocene and Early Pleistocene Maninialia, E. Anglia. 439 



Types of Animals which 

 make their Last Appear- 

 ance in the Upper 

 Pliocene Red Crag and 

 the Norwicli Crag and 

 do not Survive into the 



Forest. Bed. 

 Ailurus anqlicus. 

 Mastodon arrernensis. 

 31. Borsoni. 

 Hip'parion ? gracile. 

 Rhinoceros ? Schleier- 



mar.heri. 

 Rhinoceros ? 

 Halitherium ? sp. 

 Felis ? pardoifJes. 

 Hycenarct s ? sp. 

 Ursits ? arvernensis. 

 Antilope ? sp. 

 Gazella anglica. 

 Trogontherium tninus. 

 Sus palceochcerus. 

 Tapirus arvernensis. 



Partial Summary of the Above 



Upper PUocene Red and 



Norwich Crag Types 



which Survive in the 



Forest Bed. 



Elephas meridionalis. 

 E. antiquus.^ 

 Hyccna striata. 

 H. antiqua. 

 Rhinoceros etruscus. 

 Equtis ste7ionis. 

 Cervus carnutorum. 

 Machcerodus ? sp. 

 Trogontherium Cuvieri. 



Lists. 



Pleistocene Types which 



First Appear in the 



Forest Bed. 



Elephas primigenius. 

 Equus canallus fossilis. 

 Rhinoceros megarhinns. 

 Hippopotamus amphibius 

 Sus scrofa. 

 Bison honasus. 

 Caprovis Savinii. 

 Oribos moschatus. 

 Alces latifrons. 

 Capreo^us capreolus. 

 Cervus elajjhus. 

 Ursus spelcevs. 

 Felis spelcea 

 Macacus. 

 Varied forest rodent 



fauna. 

 Northern forest small 



carnivora. 



Mammal fauna of East Anglia in Upper Pliocene 

 time closely similar both in generic and specific 

 types to the mammal fauna of northern Italy, 

 Val d'Arno, also of the Upper Pliocene of 

 southern France. 



Conclusions. 

 The Norwich Crag presents a distinct advance over the Red Crag 

 in its mammalian, as well as in its molluscan fauna ; it is more 

 modern. The correlation of the Red Crag and, in a less degree, of the 

 Norwich Crag with the Val d'Arno supSrieur of northern Italy, is 

 very close indeed, as long ago observed by Hugh Falconer, and marks 

 the close of Pliocene time in Great Britain. 



(1) The two Crags contain the prevailing forest-loving fauna of 

 a warm north temperate climate with certain African, south 

 Eurasiatic, and a very few north Eurasiatic elements such as 

 TrogontheriuDi,. 



(2) The post-Crag extinction of at least fourteen types of mammals, 

 notably Mastodon arvernensis, M. Borsoni, Gazella, Tapirus, marks 

 the advent of a cold period in Great Britain as it does in northern 

 Italy. 



(3) The Forest Bed arrival of tundra and northern forest types, 

 such as Elephas primigenius, Ovibos moschatus, Alces latifrons, is a 

 feature of the northern latitude of East Anglia during the period of 



1 Fide A. Leith Ada.ms,British Fossil Elephants, 1877-81, pp. 13, 14, pi. xxvi ; 

 Richard Lydekker, Catalogue of Fossil 3Iammalia, 1886, pt. iv, pp. 123, 124 ; 

 Guy E. Pilgrim, " On the Occurrence of Elephas Antiquus (Namadicus) in the 

 Godavari Alluvium, with Remarks on the Species, its Distribution, and the 

 Age of the Associated Indian Deposits " : Rec. Geol. Surv., India, xxxii, pt. iii, 

 1905, p. 217. 



