448 1). Balsillie — 



above. The effect at the surface of these phenomena "would 

 probably be warping of the sedimentation floor. Now a chief 

 objection to any intra-Carboniferous allocation of the vents of East 

 Fife has always been their apparent posteriority to the faultmg 

 or some of the faulting of the district. It will be clear that such 

 considerations as the foregoing, if esteemed rational, sanction an 

 extension of the time period within which the vents may fall, and 

 the possibility ought not to be lost sight of that many of the necks 

 of East Fife, as bearing some genetic relation to the sills,^ really 

 belong to the volcanic episode that was known to have formed 

 part of the geological history of the Upper Limestones. 



Special reference must now be made to the rocks of Crossgates, 

 Radernie, and Lathones, as the masses to be seen at these localities 

 afford types of igneous product not known to the writer elsewhere 

 in Fife. The rock of Crossgates can be seen in a quarry on the east 

 side of the main road that runs south from near Guard Bridge 

 towards Colinsburgh. Reference to the published 1 inch geological 

 map of the district will show that this road aboiit 6 miles to the 

 south-west of St. Andrew's passes the Peat Inn, but before actually 

 reaching that locality as followed from the north, makes junction 

 with another highway running north-west towards Ceres and Cupar. 

 It is just a few yards north of this junction that the quarry referred 

 to is situated. The Radernie mass is exposed in the fields to the 

 north of the above quarry and again near the roadside. There 

 appears a little uncertainty in the mapping at this part, and the 

 probability is that the Radernie mass extends farther north than 

 indicated. The Lathones mass is exposed some distance south 

 of the main road that connects Peat Cnn with Higham. 



These three intrusive masses have been intruded into the Lower 

 Limestones and coals of the Carboniferous Limestone Series, and 

 they lie in an area that has been greatly folded and fractured. The 

 Crossgates intrusion is a sheet or sill beneath which some of the 

 lower coals of the district have been wrought, but the nature of the 

 Radernie and Lathones masses is not clear from any field evidence 

 at present available. 



In the fields the rocks of Crossgates and Radernie are generally 

 compact dark gray, often with a pinkish tinge, and having abundant 

 and uniformly distributed dark spots. Along the north side of the 

 Crossgates quarry a coarse-grained exceptionally tough pink rock 

 occurs sporadically in veins and patches : this appears to be of the 

 nature of segregation from the main mass of the rook. The 

 Lathones rock in a hand specimen is not unlike some quartz- 

 dolerite or dark-coloured diorite. It is more coarsely textured than 

 the Crossgates material, and contains a considerable amount of 

 some pink mineral. 



^ Daly, " Nature of Volcanic Action," Proc. Ainer. Acad. Arl-t. and Sci., 

 vol. xlvii, 1911, remarks on the steady association of tuff neck and sill in the 

 Scottish shires, and thinks that the former may perhaps be ascribed to gas 

 emanations from the marffins of the masses forming the intrusions. 



