86 Reports and Proceedings. 
The author then discussed the antiquity of the deposits accerding 
to four methods of inquiry, namely, from geological considerations 
with regard to the character and position of the caves; from the 
paleontological evidence of the remains found in them; from the 
archeological character of the objects of human workmanship; and 
from a comparison with similar deposits in neighbouring districts in 
France; and he came to the conclusion that they belonged to a period 
subsequent to that of the Elephas primigenius and Rhinoceros ticho- 
rhinus, but characterized by the presence of the Reindeer and some 
other animals now extinct in that part of Europe. 
4. “On the Carboniferous Rocks of the Donetz and the Granite 
Gravel of St. Petersburg.’ By Prof. J. Helmersen. (In a letter to 
Sir R. I. Murchison, K.C.B., F.R.S., F.G.S., &c.) 
This letter relates (1) to the discovery in the Donetz Mountains 
of additional beds of coal and of iron-ore; (2) to the proposed use of 
this coal for steam-purposes on the Volga; (38) to two geological 
expeditions to be sent out in 1864 for the purpose of surveying the 
Permian basin of Russia; and lastly, to the successful completion of 
an artesian boring at St. Petersburg. In this well the following beds 
were passed through:—Alluvium, 88 ft.; Silurian clay, 300 ft.; sand- 
stone, 137 ft.; bed of gravel, the result of the degradation of granite. 
5. ‘On a supposed Deposit of Boulder-clay in North Devon.’ By 
George Maw, Esq., F.G.S., F.L.S. 
A. deposit of brown clay which occurs near Fremington, in North 
Devon, and has been worked for several years, was described by 
the author in this paper, and referred by him to the Boulder-clay 
formation. The smallest amount of subsidence necessary for the 
deposition of this clay at its present highest level would place a large 
area of Devonshire under water. 
Mr. Maw considered the raised beach at Croyd as being a much 
more recent deposit than the gravel just described; and in connection 
with the question of the former submergence of Devonshire during 
the glacial period, he discussed the relation of the latter to a deposit 
of granite-drift gravel at Petrochstow, concluding that it could only 
have been transported thither during the submergence of the high 
ridges which intersect at right angles the country between the two 
deposits. 
6. ‘On the former existence of Glaciers in the High Grounds of 
the South of Scotland’ By J. Young, M.D., F.R.S.E. Communi- 
cated by Archibald Geikie, Esq., F.G.S. 
The heights bordering the counties of Peebles and Dumfries are 
stated by the author to contain well-preserved remains of a group of 
Glaciers belonging to a later period than the Boulder-clay, and some 
of which have been aiready alluded to by Mr. Geikie and Mr. 
Chambers. Dr. Young then describes the physical geography of 
the region, grouping the several hills into three ranges—the Broad 
Law Range, the White Coomb Range, and Hartfell—from which 
certain glaciers formerly descended into the valleys; and he further 
divides the glaciers into two classes, which he terms respectively 
the ‘ Social’ and the ‘Solitary.’ The author then describes the form 
and extension of the masses of detritus which he considers to be 
