teports and Proceedings. oF 
Report. l P, d: PALS} 
éoloured by green sand, which, however, is present in many other 
formations. In this neighbourhood there are four divisions of the 
Lower Greensand, the lowest of which is known as the ‘Atherfield 
Clay,’ whilst to the others the following names have been given by the 
Geological Survey :—the ‘ Hythe Beds,’ the ‘ Sandgate Beds,’ and the 
‘Folkestone Beds.’ Of these the Hythe Beds are the most important, 
as containing the layers of grey limestone known as ‘ Kentish Rag,’ 
and much used for building. The overlying Sandgate Beds are gene- 
rally of a loamy nature and formadamp soil. The highest division, 
the Folkestone Beds, consists of sand, sometimes containing concre- 
tionary limestone. The junction of this with the Gault above is well 
shown at the foot of the cliff at Copt Point, where there is at the 
very top of the Lower Greensand a hard bed, from six inches to a 
foot thick, of concretions of iron-pyrites. 
After the deposition of this formation, some change in the sea- 
bottom (most likely an increase of depth), and in the nature of the 
deposit, took place. 
The Gault consists for the most part of a stiff bluish-grey clay, 
sometimes with many and beautiful fossils, especially at this spot, 
which is indeed the most noted place for them. These fossils, how- 
ever, are somewhat hard to find; and when found they are hard to 
get out of the clay. Insome places the Gault contains small phos- 
phatic nodules, which are largely worked for the manufacture of 
manure. It is this formation that has given rise to the rough slopes 
of the cliff here, as it constantly gives way and slips down in large 
masses. The upper part of the Gault is rather sandy. 
The Upper Greensand is again a deposit of more shallow water ; 
indeed many geologists think it nothing more than a shore-deposit 
belonging to the Chalk. Here it is said to be some 25 feet thick; but 
it can rarely be seen in place, owing to the great falls of the over- 
lying Chalk. The upper part of this formation is a true green sand, 
whilst the rest of it is a sandy sort of chalk. 
The Chalk is so well known as to necd no description of its com- 
position. It must have been deposited in a deep sea, in like manner 
that a chalky mud is now being deposited in the depths of the 
Atlantic. The section of the Chalk from Folkestone to Walmer is 
one of the finest in the kingdom; and the total thickness here shown 
has been given as more than 1000 feet. This formation may here 
be divided into the ‘Grey Chalk’ or ‘Chalk-marl,’ the ‘ White Chalk 
without flints,’ and the ‘White Chalk with flints.’ 
Connection of Geology and Physical Geography.—All these for- 
mations occur in the same order inland, each giving rise to some 
distinct ‘form of the ground,’ by which it can easily be known by the 
practised eye. The most marked of these features is that of the 
Chalk ridge of the ‘North Downs,’ with its gracefully sweeping 
curves and bold scarp, which runs westward through Kent and Sur- 
rey into Hampshire, where it bends round and again runs eastward 
through Sussex, forming the ‘South Downs,’ to the sea. Now there 
can hardly be a doubt that these chalk-hills once joined together, 
and that those millions of millions of cubic feet of solid matter have 
