214 Reports and Proceedings. 
been removed, by some sort of denudation, from off the country that 
now forms the ‘ Weald’ of Kent and Sussex. How this denudation 
took place, and what was the agent of it, have long been debated 
questions in geology. ‘There is a tendency at present to think that 
this great work, or rather the latter part of it (which has given the 
present form to the country), has been done by the long steady action 
of the many streams which now wander through the district, and 
which once perhaps were larger than now. Certain it is that the 
streams do now, and must always, wear away the rocks, though such 
wearing may not be apparent to our eyes. 
One of the most marked features of this coast is the ‘undercliff,’ 
where huge masses of chalk have fallen from the top to the bottom 
of the lofty cliffs, forming a rough broken picturesque surface. This 
has been caused most likely in the following way :—The Chalk allows 
a passage to water through its countless small fissures, and the 
underlying Upper Greensand is also permeable; but the stiff Gault 
clay next below stops the water, which then flows out seawards. The 
sandy top of the Upper Greensand is of a yielding nature, and is 
perhaps slightly carried away by the water; the moist Gault forms 
a slide; and down therefore comes the massive Chalk. 
Newer Deposits. Besides the Cretaceous beds there are traces 
of much later deposits, resting unconformably on the former. The 
older Tertiary formations, which come on above the Chalk near Can- 
terbury, &c., are not now present here (their absence being caused 
simply by denudation); but at the higher parts of the Chalk cliffs 
there may be seen irregular patches of reddish sand, filling ‘ pipes’ 
in the Chalk, and contrasting strongly in colour with the glaring 
white of that rock. This sand has been thought to-belong to the 
‘ Crag, a formation of late Tertiary age, which occurs in Norfolk and 
Suffolk. One cannot, however, yet feel sure of such being the case, 
as the evidence is not conclusive. ; 
A still newer bed has been found at Folkestone, namely, a ‘brick- 
earth,’ with remains of Elephant, Mastodon, Horse, Stag, and Oz, 
and most likely of the same age as those valley-beds in France and 
England which have been of late so much talked of, from their yield- 
ing those peculiar ‘ flint-implements,’ that were most surely made by 
the hand of man. 
Note.—A detailed account of the beds below the Chalk, by Dr. 
Fitton, may be seen in Trans. Geol. Soc., 2nd ser., vol. iv. p. 105, &e., 
and of the Chalk, by Mr. W. Phillips, in Trans. Geol. Soc., 1st ser., 
vol. v. p. 16 (or in Conybeare and Phillips’ ‘Geology of England and 
Wales,’ p. 90). The Crag (?) has been described by Mr. Prestwich 
in Journ. Geol. Soe., vol. xiv. p. 8322; and the Brick-earth, in vol. vii. 
p: 257, by Mr. Mackie, who has also published notes on the Geology 
of Folkestone and its vicinity in the ‘Geologist.’ A description of 
the Geology of Folkestone and the district to the south will be given 
n the ‘Geological Survey Memoir on Sheet 4,’ now nearly through 
the press, by my friend and former colleague Mr. Drew, who sur- 
veyed that neighbourhood. Remarks on the denudation of the 
Weald have been lately published by Professor Ramsay in the 2nd 
