(]y)Oh. 'SLw. 1918. 



North American. 



Three centres of ice dispersioli : 

 Li» brador, Kewtitin, and Cordilleran. 



NOETH AMEBICAN AND EUEC iPEAN DEIFT DEPOSITS (LETEEETT, 

 ■ Alpine. 



JcrseiH'an Drift. From Labrador ; scattered 

 patches deeply weathered . 



Nebraskaii Drift. From Kewatin ; is largely 

 ;i compact blue-black boulder-clay with much 

 woody material. 



Allegany Drift. Well developed : contains 

 large boulders and much silt and fine sand. 



All these drifts much weathered. 



Aftonian. Beds of sand and silt with peat. 

 Also soils and weathered zones. Mammals : 

 horse, elephant, mastodon, Megalonyx , and 

 Mylodon. Freshwater shells similar to those 

 living in region to-day. Peat contains 

 Hypnum mosses. Woody plants largely 

 coniferous. 



Ice dispersion from British Mountains and 

 bcandinavia. 



"> The Lhalky Clay of the extreme south- 

 east of England, near London, is mucl i more 

 weathered than the Contorted Drift an d mav 

 be older than it. There seems little qu :estion 

 that the Boulder-clay of this region is ; but a 

 meagre remnant of a very old deposit of 

 an age equal to, if not greater tha n, the 

 Kansan Drift. 



Dispersion from the Alps of France, Switzerland, 

 Italy, and Austria. 



Dec.\de V, Vol. X, Taisle I. 

 North- West Europe. 



Gilnz Drift and older Deckenschotter. 

 Almost completely covered by later glacial 

 deposits, but its glacial outwash, known as 

 the older Deckenschotter, is spread widely 

 over the plains bordering the Alps. It is 

 very much weathered and in places cemented 

 into a conglomerate. 



Ice dispersion from Scandinavia. 



Scanian of North Germany. Boulder-clav 

 and tiuvio-glacial drift. 



Kansan Drift from Labrador and Kewatin. 

 Eemnants of this drift occupy the divides, 70 

 to 90 per cent having been removed by erosion. 

 The upper portion is much weathered to a 

 depth of several metres, the weathered portion 

 having been deprived of its limestone, while 

 the granites are in an advanced state of decay. 



Yarmouth Soil and Loess are deposits of 

 peat, sand , and silt , containing woody material 

 and bones of the wood-rabbit and skunk. 

 The pre-Illinoian loess and silt deposits are 

 of this age, and contain large numbers of 

 land shells and some aquatic. 



Illinoian Drift from Labrador and Kewatin. 

 The Illinoian drift of the Labrador ice-field 

 is widely exposed outside the limits of later 

 drift. It has not been so severely eroded as 

 the Kansan Drift, and was originally very 

 calcareous ; but has been leached to a depth 

 of about 6 feet. 



Snngammon soil and main Loess deposits of 

 central States consist of soil, muck, and peat 

 covered by loess. Contain Elcphas primi- 

 gemtts in some of the clays and Hypninn 

 aduncum in the peat. Loess was derived from 

 the great plains east of the Kocky Mountains 

 and spread by wind over the more eastern 

 •plams. 



Wisconsin Drift from Labrador and 

 l^ewatm. The Wisconsin Drift deposits 

 nave suffered very little denudation, and 

 jnese new-looking drifts are regarded as of 

 Mils age, whether covered by loess or not. 

 -^ large number of distinct moraines were 

 onned during temporary advances when the 

 'ce was melting away. 



(a) CoZL JZf i ^'"'' °f N,n'folk. Gii,z.-mindel. Long interval, indicatec^by 

 [a) Complex series of marme and fluvio- the great amount of erosion of Giinz out- 

 marme or estuarme deposits which sh. dw, in | wash. Identification of interglacial deposits 

 passmg up a change from warm tempo -ate to | of this age difficult. Lignite beds of Liffe 



Arctic conditions. Contains glaciafer ratios. 

 (6) Forest Bed. Plants still indigenous to 

 Norfolk. Freshwater shells, fishes, amp.hibia, 

 reptiles, and mammals of recent sp)ecies. 

 Extinct mammals of more southern type. 



Contorted Drift. The amount of we, 

 ing this has experienced is very simi 

 the Kansan Drift, and morainic featur 

 as pronounced as those, of Holland. 



[ither- 

 lar to 

 es are 



which contain early forms of elephant and 

 rhinoceros, may be of this age. 



Paludinenbank of Berlin. Molluscs: Palu- 

 dina, Unio, risidiiiin, Bythinia, Valvata, 

 and jSlcritinn. 



Mindel Drift and younger Deckenschotter 

 outwash. It is the most extensive of the 

 glacial formations along much of the northern 

 border of the Alps. It connects with ex- 

 tensive deposits of glacial outwash, known 

 as the younger Deckenschotter, which is 

 found in broad valleys excavated through 

 the older Deckenschotter. 



Mindel-Riss. The Hottinger Breccia, near 

 Innsbruck, whose flora calls for a warmer 

 climate than the present, is now referred by 

 Penck to this age. The great length of 

 this interglacial stage is shown by the large 

 amount of erosion the Mindel Drift and 

 outwash experienced before the Riss Drift 

 was laid down. 



Lower Diliiviuni. This old drift is ox- 

 posed in a narrow strip outside the middle 

 and young drifts, from the llussiau boundary 

 westward to the North Sea. Contains 

 numerous Scandinavian erratics. Is much 

 eroded, and where porous much wealiluu'cd. 

 Some dense non-porous clays arc not much 

 weathered. Morainic ridges are noticeable 

 in the Netherlands. 



Riss Drift and high terraces of Alpine 

 region. It differs little from the third drift 

 of the North German foreland. In the Hiss 

 Valley the ground moraine has a gently 

 undulating surface scarcely to be dis- 

 tinguished from the surface of the glacial 

 outwash. It is a coarse gravel, becoming 

 in places cobbly and bouldery. 



Rixdorf interglacial horizon, of North 

 German plain. It contains an exceodiugly 

 rich fauna of largo mammalia. Iii (!(^iitnil 

 Uussia there also occurs a scries of inter- 

 glacial deposits consisting of laousfcrino marls 

 ibelow and loess above. The lower beds 

 jeontain .spruce, larch, willow, and other 

 iplants which do not live near ice-sheets. It 

 lis covered by and rests upon Boulder-clay. 



I Middle Drift of North German lowland. 

 It is fresh in aspect, and although Ioohh- 

 Icovered is now considered as of later age 

 Ithan the Lower Diliiviiun. 



Riss-Wlirm. This interglacial stage was 

 marked by somewhat extensive erosion and 

 the collection of loess upon the Riss Drift. 

 The majority of the interglacial deposits 

 below the later or Wiirm Drift are referred 

 by Penck and Bruckner to this stage, but 

 some of them may really be older. 



The loess is a wind-carried deposit, the j 

 Drincipal mass of which seems to have been 

 ieposited during this interglacial stage, 

 [t contains terrestrial niollusca mainly. 



Boulder-clays, etc., east of the Pennine, 

 and morainic deposits between Pennme 

 Hills and North Wales. 



Warm Drift and low terraces. The f'. UpperDi^w^: '^^^7.^.c^siSi^^^^ 

 moraines whL mark the limits of this - -J^^ -d -ra.ne^^^^ 



gaciafon are usually very strong "dges | '^^^re called Grundlranenlandschaft. 



strewn with boulders of all classes, anu > ' i' • 



showing but slight surface weathering. 



Recent glaciers of tlie Riesen Gebirge nnd I 



Schwarzwald. 



To illustrate Mr. B- M. Deeley's paper on Drift Deposits. 



