North America 



Three centres of ice disp 

 Jja brador, Kewatin, and Co 



North-Wbst Europe. 



Ice dispersion from Scandinavia. 



Jersey ean Drift . From Labrt 

 patches deeply weathered. 



Nebraskan Drift. From Kew, 

 a compact blue-black boulder-c 

 woody material. 



Allegany Drift. Well develo 

 large boulders and much silt ; 



All these drifts much weathe 



Aftonian. Beds of sand and 

 Also soils and weathered zone 

 horse, elephant, mastodon, Mi 

 Mylodon. Freshwater shells si 

 living in region to-day. 

 Hypnum mosses. Woody 

 coniferous. 



Kansan Drift from Labrador 

 Remnants of this drift occupy t 



Scanian of North Germany, 

 and fiuvio-glacial drift. 



Boulder-clay 



Paludinenbank of Berlin. Molluscs : Palu- 

 dina, Unio, Pisidium, Bythinia, Valvata, 

 and Neritina. , 



Lower Diluvium. This old drift is ex- 

 posed in a narrow strip outside the middle 



westward to the North Sea. 

 numerous Scandinavian erratics. 



Contains 

 Is much 



to 90 per cent having beenremov ^nd young drifts, from the Eussian boundary 



The upper portion is much w( " . __ , „ „ . . 



depth of several metres, the weal 



having been deprived of its liiiijeroded, and where porous much weathered. 



Some dense non-porous clays are not much 

 weathered. Morainic ridges are noticeable 

 in the Netherlands 



the granites are in an advanced 



Yarmouth Soil and Loess a: 

 peat, sand, and silt, containing w 

 and bones of the wood-rabbit 

 The pre-IUinoian loess and sil 

 of this age, and contain large 

 land shells and some aquatic. 



Bixdorf interglacial horizon of North 

 German plain. It contains an exceedingly 

 rich fauna of large mammalia. In Central 

 Russia there also occurs a series of inter- 

 glacial deposits consisting of lacustrine marls 

 below and loess above. The lower beds 

 contain spruce, larch, willow, and other 

 plants which do not live near ice-sheets. It 

 is covered by and rests upon Boulder-clay. 



JZttnoiareDri/i from Labrador 1 Middle Drift of North German lowland 

 The Illinoian drift of the Labrqt; jg fresh in aspect, and although loess 

 is widely exposed outside the liisovered is now considered as of later age 

 drift. It has not been so severtth^n the Lower Diluvium 

 the Kansan Drift, and was ori 

 calcareous ; but has been leache 

 of about 6 feet. 



Sangammon soil and tnain Loe 

 central States consist of soil, muU- 

 covered by loess. Contain P!,le\ 

 genius in some of the clays ai[t 

 aduncum in the peat. Loess was 

 the great plains east of the Rock 

 and spread by wind over the n 

 plains. 



The loess is a wind-carried deposit, the 

 irincipal mass of which seems to have been 

 eposited during this interglacial stage, 

 contains terrestrial mollusca mainly. 



Wisconsin Drift from Lai JJpper Diluvium. There are broad belts of 

 ewatin. The Wisconsin Dr jn-«reathered moraine of this age stretching 



have suffered very little denu(^ci.oss the entire breadth of the German 



these new-looking drifts are reg (Empire, called Grundmoranenlandschaft. 



this age, whether covered by Ic 



A large number of distinct mo 



formed during temporary advanc 



