358 Joseph Mawson — The CretaceoiLS of Bahia, Brazil. 



angular fragments of stone in a hard matrix ; it contains scales of 

 Lepidotus, teeth and other remains of reptiles and fishes, shells 

 of Paludina, and Melania of two species or varieties (one long and 

 slender, probably not yet described). The shells are often finely 

 weathered out in cavities of the stone. 



Raised Beach near Toqxie Toque. 



This recent raised beach, discovered by the writer in 1880, is well 

 described and figured in Dr. J. C. Branner's work, p. 150, and 

 is referred to here on account of the shells with coral of which one 

 stratum is mainly composed. A few specimens of these are in the 

 British Museum (Nat. Hist.), but more should be obtained, as they 

 would probably indicate the period of the latest upheaval of the coast 

 on the bay. 



It will be seen by the map that this raised beach appears at 

 intervals nearly as far as Plataforma station, following the sinuosities 

 of the present coastline. 



Beach, Bornfim to Pedra Ftirada. 



The Cretaceous clifE between these two points was thought to be 

 barren of vertebrate remains, but shortly before the writer left Brazil 

 a thin layer rising from the beach was found to be rich in fossil fishes 

 of various species in an extremely fine state of preservation. 



There seems to be no reason why other layers should not be fossil- 

 bearing, and the locality requires to be more fully explored ; but 

 care is necessary in wet weather, when falls from above are likely 

 to occur. 



Mapelle Quarry near north end of Tunnel. 



The highly fossiliferous beds exposed in this now disused quarry 

 were first made known by Dr. 0. A. Derby, and are fully described 

 in his " A Bacia Cretacea da Bahia" (1878). I have nothing to add, 

 except that the top soil has been (I believe since he wrote) to a large 

 extent removed, laying bare the petrified bed of what in Cretaceous 

 times must have been a running stream, with the groovings, ripple- 

 marks, and half-embedded pebbles standing out in sharp relief, thus 

 confirming Derby's suggestion as to the origin of these deposits. 



Plataforma to Itacaranha. 



Portions of the blue shale ■ on the beach here are often removed by 

 the south-westerly gales in the winter months, April to June, laying 

 bare a thin layer of a greenish hue, which is more than usually rich 

 in fossil remains. 



Here, as well as at Pedra Furada, concretionary limestone nodules 

 are found in the shale. A sharp blow will occasionally disclose 

 fishes or other remains in a fine state of preservation. Boulders 

 of this limestone exhibit fossil bones, etc., but they are very 

 difficult of extraction owing to the close texture and hardness of 

 the stone. 



A blackish shale met with on the Plataforma beach seems to be 

 almost barren of remains. 



