0. F. MoncJdon — Hiiman Skeleton, B. Columbia. 367 



over 2 miles at Pukaist. From Spences Bridge to below Gladwin 

 many summits of 5,000 feet and over occur within a mile of the 

 3,000 ft. level, so that no great stretch of imagination is required to 

 block this outlet with glaciers from the heights above up to the 

 2,500 ft. level long after they had retired from the more open part 

 of the district. As the river cut down, it must also have been 

 temporarily affected by serious slides in this gorge. Even since 

 white men came to this country the river has been completely 

 blocked on occasions by slides, and was once raised 70 feet. There 

 is another outlet immediately south of Kamloops, where the distance 

 between the two contours at 3,000 feet is 2 miles, and also one 

 leading into it from the head of Cherry Creek, which is less than 

 a mile, but this is above the 2,500 ft. line, and so is the narrower 

 valley of Campbell Creek into which these lead. In this region also 

 there are several high mountains from which local glaciers would 

 descend till a late period. 



The main part of the water of this lake would therefore very likely 

 have to find its way eastward by Little Shuswap Lake, whence 

 it would pass through the Greater Shusvpap Lake either through the 

 very narrow Eagle Pass, 1,840 ft. elevation, into the Columbia, 

 or in larger quantity into the Okanagen through a pass 1,196 feet 

 above the sea. At several points on its course it would probably be 

 greatly restricted by glaciers from the mountains close by. It would 

 also be considerably impeded at certain seasons by icebergs breaking 

 away from glaciers on the edge of the water, especially in the earlier 

 stages of the recession and stranding of the ice in the channel. 

 These outlets that I have mentioned would have to carry away the 

 water from a district covering about 12,000 miles, and probably the 

 Little Shuswap would be the only one available. It is estimated 

 that the ice covering this region was in many places 6,000 feet thick. 

 Since its general direction was. south-eastward, it must have been 

 5,500 feet thick at Kamloops Lake, as it had to cross a mountain 

 range to the south, which averages over 4,000 feet above the sea. 

 Kamloops Lake level is 1,110 feet elevation at low- and 1,138 at 

 high-water mark. 



The time which has elapsed since burial of the skeleton I estimate 

 as follows. I calculate that the silt and gravel which would be 

 deposited in the area now occupied by Kamloops Lake and six 

 miles west, and two miles oast of it (comprising with its tributary 

 valleys about 150 square miles), would be drawn from a region 

 extending 35 miles north and 10 miles south, with a length of 

 25 miles. This would cover 1,125 miles, of which the probable 

 average area covered by glaciers during the period of their retreat 

 would be at least 500 square miles. The area to be filled may for 

 purposes of the calculation be divided into a lower trough below 

 1,500 feet, a middle stage up to 2,000, and an upper level up to 

 2,500 feet above sea-level. The lowest would cover 50, the upper 

 150 square miles. 



Basing our calculation on the Muir Glacier discharge as measured 

 by Professor G. E. Wright, of one-third inch over the whole area 

 covered by the glacier annually — 



