562 Reviews — Professor J. W. Gregory — 



sandstones (in the Kozi Valley) contain a few undetermined 

 Gastropods and Pelecypods. 



The southerly dip of the slates is maintained over a wide area, and 

 it is only on the south-west slope of the granite ridge Juga (Cheleps) 

 that an anticlinal fold occurs with a steep dip to north-east. The 

 axis of the anticline reveals crystalline schists, which form the bed 

 of the Kisha River near Dokhmat Sheklan. This fold does not, 

 however, extend far either to north-west or south-east. W. N. 

 Robinson attributes the formation of this small fold to the intrusion 

 of the granite. 



The second outcrop of Upper Carboniferous was observed 2 miles 

 S.S.W. of the confluence of the Little Laba and Urushten Rivers. 

 The limestone is gieyer than on Mt. Gepho, and forms an anticline ; 

 in its axis mica-schists and other crystalline schists are visible. To 

 the south this Upper Carboniferous Limestone is overlain by con- 

 glomerate (probably Triassic), and higher up the Urushten River red 

 Triassic limestones form vertical cliffs on Ijoth banks. The Upper 

 Carboniferous Limestone contains the following fossils : Spirifer 

 cameratus, Morton, Reticular ia lineata, Mart., Uncinulusvelifer, Gemm., 

 Prnductus gratiosus, Waag., P. pseudomediisa, Tschern., Pelecypods 

 [Macrodoti, Edmondia, and Lima), and sponges [Heterocmlia). 



Probably a large portion of the Palseozoic schists of the main axis 

 of the Caucasus will be found to belong to the Carboniferous, and it 

 may be mentioned that a crushed Calamites was found by Inostranzeff 

 some years ago in the Central Caucasus to the north of the main axis. 



I?,E]-VIE-V7"S. 



I. — The Nature and Origin of Fiords. By Professor J. W. 

 Gregory, D.Sc, F.R.S. 8vo ; pp. xvi, 542, with 8 plates and 

 84 text-illustrations. London: John Murray, 1913. Pricel6s.net. 



ri^HIS is a big book on a subject which, at first sight, seems 

 Y hardly to justify such voluminous treatment; nevertheless, the 

 author finds plenty to say. His travels have extended over wide 

 areas of the globe, and he deals not only with the typical fiords of 

 Norway, but with the fiords and other sea-inlets or drowned valleys, 

 from Scotland, Greenland, and Alaska to Patagonia, Antarctica, and 

 Australasia. Printed in bold type and well illustrated, the subject 

 as expounded by Professor Gregory is of very great interest to 

 geographer and geologist, and will doubtless be attractive to all 

 travellers and students who seek to become acquainted with the 

 origin of scenery. Apart from scenery, the author points out the 

 influences of fiords since early times on navigation, the distribution of 

 population, and the welfare generally of mankind. 



We have been accustomed to look upon fiords, sea-lochs, and 

 estuaries as for the most part drowned valleys excavated by rivers 

 and in many cases also largely by glacial action, the resultant features 

 being due to the effects of erosion on rocks of varying altitude, 

 structure, and lithological character. Thus fiords occur among the 



