42 J. VOENEYV LEWIS 
intercurrent warping here advocated. ‘The last is somewhat more 
fully presented and its bearings upon subsequent geologic history 
discussed. ‘The others are summarized from Kiimmel’s report.? 
1. Conditions requiring explanation.—The width of outcrop of 
trap along Second Mountain varies greatly. Along much of its 
course the crest is double, as pointed out above, and in the intervening 
valley shale has been found at a number of places either in wells 
or at the surface. At both ends of the ridge, however, the crest is 
single, and no shales appear within the trap area in the gorge of the 
Passaic River at Little Falls. In a well at Mount St. Dominic Acad- 
emy, Caldwell, the following section was found: Glacial drift, too 
feet; trap rock, 775 feet; total 875 feet; shale at the bottom. A well 
bored for Mr. Keane on the inner crest. of Second Mountain, near 
East Livingston, and but three miles from the well at Caldwell, 
furnished the following section: soil, 5 feet; trap rock, 90 feet; 
brown sandstone, 51 feet; trap rock, 381 feet; total, 527 feet. Both 
wells are in such location as to pass through an interbedded layer of 
sediments, if such existed. Over the country between the two crests 
Darton found red shale fragments which he regarded as portions of 
underlying sediments. 
2. The interbedded shale hypothesis.—Kiimmel considered the 
hypothesis that Second Mountain consists of two successive flows of 
lava separated by a stratum of sediments, but rejected it for the fol- 
lowing reasons: (1) the crest is single at both ends of the ridge; 
(2) no trace of shale is found at either locality; (3) the gorge at Little 
Falls and the deep well at Caldwell show no shale. The “brown 
sandstone” reported from Mr. Keane’s well he regarded as probably 
a red-brown variety of trap. 
3. The hypothesis of a “curved longitudinal jault.”—Under the 
seeming necessity of choosing between the interbedded shale hypothe- 
sis above referred to and that of a fault which possesses the remark- 
able property of conforming exactly with the present outcrop around 
the sharply recurved southwestern extremity of Second Mountain, 
both Darton and Kiimmel accepted the latter, in spite of the fact that 
“no direct evidence of faulting beyond that furnished by the topog- 
raphy—the repetition of the beds—was found..... Indirect 
1 Loc. cit., pp. 125 ff. 
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