DOUBLE CREST OF SECOND WATCHUNG MOUNTAIN 43 
evidence derived from a study of the width of the outcrop of the trap 
and the apparent thickness along different section lines” may be 
summarized as follows: On the assumption (1) that there was no 
deformation in the intervals between the various lava flows of the 
Watchung ridges (nor accompanying the flows); (2) that sedimenta- 
tion was uniform throughout the area; (3) that the lava sheets are 
approximately of uniform thickness, their bases must have been 
originally parallel. Allowing for known faults this is still true of First 
and Second mountains; but from the base of the Second Mountain 
sheet to that of the third (Long Hill) is a distance that varies greatly in 
different sections, and the apparent differences are greater where the 
double crests of Second Mountain are most marked. ‘This variation 
is ascribed to faulting which Darton assumed further to be confined 
to the areas of the present trap outcrop. 
Kiimmel points out several very obvious defects in the above 
reasoning: (1) that any or all of these various assumptions may be 
incorrect; (2) that there is no conclusive reason for supposing that 
faulting is restricted to the trap areas of the present surface; (3) that 
variations in thickness of either the trap of Second Mountain or of 
the overlying shales would vitiate the conclusions. Notwithstanding 
these elements of uncertainty and improbability, however, the estimates 
based on the above assumptions are regarded as “indicating quite 
clearly that some faulting has occurred,” and as ‘‘strengthening the 
argument derived from the double crest.’’ Hence the conclusion 
that “‘it is safe to assume that Second Mountain is traversed for much 
of its extent by a curved longitudinal fault.” 
4. The hypothesis of double flow with intercurrent war ping.—The 
explanation here advanced is believed to be entirely consistent with 
all ascertainable facts and to be free from improbable assumptions. 
It is practically the interbedded shale hypothesis described above, 
freed from the restrictions of stability and uniform sedimentation in 
the intervals between the lava flows. 
The present condition of the Newark rocks throughout eastern 
North America shows that they have been subjected to universal 
deformation, and as yet there has been discovered no means of 
defining the exact stage in their history at which the disturbing 
movements began. ‘The slightest warping of the surface at any stage 
