GLACIATION IN SANGRE DE CRISTO RANGE 17 
The view looking up this creek (Fig. 1) shows Willow Creek Park in 
the immediate foreground. This is a natural meadow, 80 or 100 
acres in extent, formed by the draining of a glacial lake. Two existing 
lakes are found in Willow Creek Valley above the park—one a beauti- 
ful, clear, deep pool half-way between the Park and the summit, and 
the other a smaller one in the cirque at the head of the creek. Polished 
surfaces, striae, and other evidences of glaciation are common all 
along the valley. 
The next moraine visited was that of South Zapata Creek, the 
northernmost of the circle of radial streams which head in the Blanca 
massif. ‘This moraine, as seen in the distance, just crowns the crest 
of the great alluvial fan which Zapata Creek has built. ‘The foot of 
the moraine has an elevation of about 9,000 feet, and is 1,400 feet 
above the level of the valley at the foot of the fan in the vicinity of Za- 
pata ranch house. ‘There are two concentric moraines, the outer 
one about 50 feet the higher. The front of the outer moraine is about 
350 feet in height. Both are covered with large bowlders. The inner 
one formerly inclosed a small lake, the outlet of which cut through 
the moraine where it adjoined the canyon wall on the north side and, 
once incised in the rock, has continued to cut back a narrow winding 
cleft, sometimes not more than two or three feet wide, down through 
which the water pours, forming the picturesque Zapata Falls. A lake 
also exists near the head of the creek. 
Middle Creek, the next stream to the south, exhibits a similar 
crescentic moraine crowning the great spreading alluvial fan over 
which large bowlders are scattered from crest to base. 
Bear Creek heads against the crest of the range just north of Blanca 
Peak. ‘There is a very small lake in the cirque at the head of the 
creek, two or three small ponds down the creek some distance, and 
a fine little lake about 2,500 feet below the summit in altitude. There 
is little morainic material to be seen in the valley above the elevation 
of 10,000 feet. The valley is rounded and glaciated up the sides to 
the overhanging cliffs, but in places the glaciated portion is covered 
by “‘slide rock”’ or talus from the cliff. A light fall of snow will hang 
on the unglaciated slope and on the talus, but not on the cliffs, and 
after such snows the height to which the ice occupied the various creek 
valleys can be plainly seen from the center of San Luis Valley. At 
