REVIEWS 601 
Reconnaisance of Some Gold and Tin Deposits of the Southern A ppa- 
lachians. By L. C. Graton; with notes on the Dahlonega 
Mines, by WALDEMAR LINDGREN. (U.S. Geological Survey, 
Bulletin No. 293.) Pp. 134, 9 plates. Washington, D. C., 1906. 
The tin-ore occurs in ore-shoots of slight lateral extent. The only 
tin-mineral present is Cassiterite which is regarded as a primary constit- 
uent of the pegmatite in which it is found. Most of the production is 
from the Ross mine, near Gaffney, S. C., which in 1903 produced 35,925 
pounds of concentrates, and in 1904, 74, 406 pounds, which would av eLa ee 
probably 66 per cent. to 70 per cent. tin. 
The earliest gold-mining in the United States was probably in this 
region, but the production is not recorded until 1829, when $3,500 was 
obtained from placers in Lancaster and Chesterfield Counties, S. C. The 
total production of the Southern Appalachians has probably been about 
$10,000,000. In general placer-mining has been profitable, lode-mining 
unprofitable. 
The ore is low grade, averaging $8-$12 gold per ton. Fissure veins 
of pyritiferous quartz are common. ‘They are notably irregular and non- 
persistent. The most interesting and productive ores are replacement 
deposits which occur ‘‘in volcanic rocks of the quartz-monzonite-porphyry 
group, and are most common in the fragmental varieties or tuffs.”’ These 
deposits are large lenticular bodies of silicious, pyritiferous ore, “‘forty or 
fifty to hundreds of feet in length and twenty to several hundred feet in 
width.” Many of them do not extend one hundred feet below the surface, 
others go down as far as present workings, or several hundred feet. The 
distribution of the ore-values is suggestive of secondary enrichment by 
descending solutions. C. W. W. 
Geology and Paleontology of the Judith River Beds. By T. W.STAN- 
TON AND J. B. HatcHer. With a chapter on “The Fossil 
Plants,” by F. H. KNowrton. (U. 5. Geological Survey, Bul- 
letin No. 257.) Pp. 174, 19 plates. Washington, D. C., 1905. 
The Judith River beds are non-marine Upper Cretaceous sandstones, 
shales, and clays, with lignite occurring in northern and central Montana 
and adjacent areas of Canada. The authors have established the fact that 
the Judith River beds belong to the Montana division, that they are sepa- 
rated from the Laramie above by several hundred feet of shales (Bearpaw 
shales) with the marine fauna of the Pierre, that they are underlain by 
marine shales and sandstones which constitute a distinct horizon (Claggett 
