PERMO-CARBONIFEROUS CLIMATIC CHANGES 617 
Zeill.*; Phylotheca Muelleriana D. W.**; Phylotheca (?) sp.**; Lycopodiopsis 
Derbyi Ren.¢f; Lepidodendron Pedroanum (Carr.) Zeill.t{; Lepidophloios lari- 
cinus Sternb.{; Sigillaria Brardii Brongn.t; Sigillaria austarlis D. W.{+{; Sigil- 
laria sp.ff; Sigillaria (?) muralis D. W.{{; Sphenopteris hastata McCoy ?*; 
Sphenopteris sp.**; Psaronius brasiliensis Brongn.**;t Neuropteridium Plan- 
tianum (Carr.) D. W.t (NV. valdum)*; Glossopteris Browniana Brongn.*; 
Glossopteris indica (Brongn.) Schimp.*; Glossopteris ampla Dana.*; Glossop- 
teris occidentalis D. W.**; Glossopteris sp.***; Vertebraria sp.**; Gangamopteris 
obovata (Carr.) D. W.* (G. cyclopteroides); Ottokaria ovalis D. W.**; Arberia 
minasica D. W.**; Derbyella aurita D. W.**; Noeggerathiopsis Hislopi (Bunb.) 
Feist.*; Cardiocarpon Seixasi D. W.f{; Cardiocarpon Moreiranum D. W.}t; 
Cardiocarpon Oliveiranum D. W.{t; Cardiocarpon Barcellosium D. W.7T; 
Voltzia ? sp.tf; Dadoxylon Pedroi Zeill.{+; Dadoxylon nummularium D. W.77; 
Dadoxylon meridionale D. W.++; Carpolithus ? sp.}{; Hastimima Whitei D. W.** 
FLORAS AND THEIR CLIMATIC SIGNIFICANCE 
The examination of the stratigraphical occurrence of the species 
just enumerated indicates that at the base of the Brazilian coal 
measures we have a Lower Gondwana flora essentially identical with 
that found in the corresponding beds in India, Australia, and South 
Africa; and that in the higher beds we have the introduction of 
Northern Permo-Carboniferous types which appear to indicate the 
progress of a great climatic change. The data bearing on this 
matter are briefly summarized in the following paragraphs: 
Basal, Lower Gondwana Flora.—The only species collected from 
a shale lens but 6 meters above the unconformable crystalline floor 
of the coalfield is Gangamopteris obovata (G. cyclopteroides), one of 
the most characteristic as well as earliest of the Lower Gondwana 
plants.2, The next higher plant bed of importance les at a horizon 
but 55 meters above the granite floor near Minas, state of Santa 
Catharina, where we find, in the Minas formation, Rosellinites 
Gangamo pteridis, Hysterites brasiliensis, Phyllotheca Griesbachit, Phyl- 
lotheca Muelleriana, Phyllotheca sp., Glossopteris Browniana, Verte- 
braria ?, Gangamopteris obovata, Arberia minasica, Derbyella aurita, 
t Not represented in the collection. 
2 On account of its strictly Paleozoic distribution, wide geographical range, ready 
recognition, and pre-eminent characterization of the Lower Gondwana series GAN- 
GAMOPTERIS has been substituted by the writer for “‘Glossopteris,’’ previously used to 
designate the flora, but which is unsuited therefor on account of its transgression in 
the Mesozoic and its nomenclatorial inapplicability. 
