618 DAVID WHITE 
Noeggerathiopsis Hislopi, Cardiocar pon (Samaropsis) Seixast, Cardi- 
ocarpon Moreiranum, Voltzia ? sp., and Hastimima Whiter. 
The flora enumerated above belongs to the early typical GaAn- 
GAMOPTERIS or Lower Gondwana flora. ‘The distribution of its iden- 
tical or related species in other continents indicates contemporaneity 
with the Ecca shales of South Africa, the upper coal measures of New 
South Wales, the upper marine coal measures of Tasmania, and the 
Karharbari beds of India. Concomitantly the underlying Orleans 
conglomerate of the Brazilian region is correlated with the Dwyka 
conglomerates of South Africa, the Baccus Marsh conglomerates and | 
their equivalents in Australia and Tasmania, and the Talchir con- 
glomerates of India. 
Cold climate of the basal flora~—The appearance of the Gan- 
GAMOPTERIS flora in its simple and relatively pure condition imme- 
diately above the basal bowlder beds of South America in a way 
exactly similar to its occurrence in India, Africa, and Australia bears 
irrefragable evidence of a corresponding similarity of the accom- 
panying climate. The consequent inference that glacial conditions 
had preceded the flora in South America is verified by Dr. I. C. White’s 
studies of the basal bowlder beds and conglomerates of the Santa 
-Catharina series in which he finds distinctly glaciated material. The 
earlier suggestion by Dr. Orville A. Derby’ that the basal Permo- 
Carboniferous bowlder beds of Brazil were associated with glacial 
activity in that continent thus finds a double confirmation.? As to 
the reality of glacial action during Permo-Carboniferous time it 
may be added that, notwithstanding the great differences of opinion 
as to causes, the work of ice, especially in South Africa where the 
glaciation was on a truly great scale, has been so convincingly dem- 
onstrated over large areas as no longer to be questioned or require 
the citation of further proof. 
t Waagen, Rec. Geol. Surv. India, Vol. XXII, Pt. 2, 1889, p. 69. 
2 In this connection it may be of interest to note that identical conclusions as to 
Paleozoic glaciation in Brazil were reached by Dr. White and the writer, one on purely 
geological evidence, the other on strictly paleobotanical data, each entirely without 
knowledge of the facts or opinions of the other. 
3See T. W. E. David, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 
Vol. LII, 1896, p. 289; Wm. M. Davis, Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 
Vol. XVII, 1906, p. 47; Frech, Lethaea Palaeozoica, Vol. I, Lief. 4, 1902, p. 572; 
and Chamberlin and Salisbury, Geology, Vol. II, 1906, p. 538. 
