PERMO-CARBONIFEROUS CLIMATIC CHANGES 623 
Northern Permian flora’ and perhaps grown under climatic condi- 
tions but little dissimilar to those prevailing to the northward. 
The large tree Lycopods and the Psaronius are sufficient evidence 
of the Paleozoic age of the environing rocks, and, therefore, of the 
greater part of the Passa Dois series. Likewise the occurrence of 
Lycopodiopsis Derbyi at the much higher horizon furnishes good 
ground for anticipating that the upper part also of the series will 
fall within the Permian limits. But the presence in the Rio do Pasto 
beds of Erythrosuchus and of Scaphonyx Fischeri, regarded as closely 
related to Euskelesaurus, of the Stormberg beds in South Africa, 
argues for the Triassic age of the red beds and eruptives of the succeed- 
ing Sao Bento series. 
SUMMARY OF THE CLIMATIC CHANGES 
Briefly summarized, the paleobotanical evidence now in hand, 
though very incomplete, goes to show: 
1. The occurrence of the cosmopolitan or world-wide floras in 
various parts of the southern land areas up to a point somewhere in 
the Upper Coal Measures or upper Stephanian; and, consequently, 
a corresponding uniformity or equability of climate in both the 
northern and southern regions. 
2. The presence, at the base of the Brazilian coal measures, of a 
pure GANGAMOPTERIS flora essentially identical with that found in 
beds following the glacial deposits of India, Australia, and South 
Africa, and undoubtedly existent under approximately identical cli- 
matic conditions. 
3. Some moderation of the climate at an early date so as to per- 
mit the immigration of a few of the hardier Lycopodineous types 
from the contemporaneous Northern or “‘cosmopolitan”? Permo- 
Carboniferous flora. 
4. The restoration of an equable Permian climate in southern South 
America permitting the invasion of other Northern pteridophytic types 
and the growth of gymnospermous trees without annual rings.? 
1 The Psaronius perhaps belongs to the Cladophleboid group of Pecopterids. 
? The close of the Permian in the Brazilian basins appears to have been marked 
by deposition of variegated shales and cherts indicating oxidization and probable 
retreat of the sea, comparable to the geological phenomena of the time in other parts 
of the world. 
