624 DAVID WHITE 
The period from the deposition of the lowest coals overlying the 
glacial bowlder material to the return of the Lepidophytes is believed 
by the writer to have been not long.t. It seems probable that the 
return of an equable climate was as early as the beginning of the 
Damuda Series of the Gondwana System, or as the early Zechstein 
(Upper Permian) of the northern system. 
THE GANGAMOPTERIS PROVINCE 
The GANGAMOPTERIS flora appears to have flourished in a state 
of relative purity in the Permo-Carboniferous coalfields of India; in 
Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania, in the 
Australian region; in German and Portuguese East Africa, Portu- 
guese South-East Africa, Rhodesia, Zululand, the Transvaal, the 
Orange River Colony, Natal and Cape Colony in South Africa; and 
in Argentina and southern Brazil in South America. It appears to be 
present, perhaps in a less pure condition, in Kashmir, Afghanistan, 
and Persia, while a number of its characteristic elements mingled 
with northern types are found in the Upper Permian (Zechstein) of 
northern Russia and in the Altai Mountains. The territory of the 
pure or typical GANGAMOPTERIS flora may be termed the GaAn- 
GAMOPTERIS Province. It conforms for the most part to the 
geographical, though not the geological, limits of the ‘‘Glossopteris 
Province” as the latter was proposed and defined by Professor 
Zeiller.? 
The GANGAMOPTERIS or “Gondwana-land”’ continent.—The 
GANGAMOPTERIS flora is predominantly a terrestrial flora of some- 
what highly varied composition. Hence the occurrence of this flora 
in great uniformity, including an extraordinarily high degree of 
specific identity, and in relative purity, contemporaneously in India, 
tIn Australia the more rigorous climate seems to have prevailed longer, with 
greater deposition of coal measures and with recurrence of glaciation. ‘The Brazilian 
records may pertain only to the later of the ice extensions, or, on the other hand, 
regional subsidence or other related causes may sooner have brought amelioration in 
this quarter of the globe. 
2 Rev. gén. d. science, 8 année, 1907, p.5. The GANGAMOPTERIS province em- 
braces the regional distribution of the original or typical flora, while at the same time 
concerning only beds of Paleozoic age, thus escaping the regions of Mesozoic migra- 
tion and mingling of the genus Glossopteris and several of its early associates with 
the northern post-Paleozoic flora. ‘The genus Gangamopteris appears not to have 
survived the Permian. 
