PERMO-CARBONIFEROUS CLIMATIC CHANGES 625 
Australia, South Africa, and southern South America, leaves no 
recourse but to conclude that the land surfaces over which it extended 
were in such continuity, or intimate geographical relation, as freely 
to permit the migration of the flora, practically zm toto, between all 
these quarters of the globe. 
The regions in which remains of the GANGAMOPTERIS flora have 
already been brought to light, are roughly indicated on the accom- 
panying map, Fig. 1. The disposition of these areas, chiefly in the 
Southern Hemisphere, and their geographical relations to the present 
Antarctica, point strongly to the inclusion of the latter as an impor- 
tant part of a great continent or aggregate of very closely proximate 
land masses freely traversed by the GANGAMOPTERIS flora. A rela- 
tionship of the Antarctic lands to the southern continents is still indi- 
cated to a certain extent by the submarine topography. Their 
efficiency as a bridge in Permian time is almost beyond question; 
and it is, perhaps, reasonable to assume that they are parts of a 
great continental aggregation, essentially constituting, in a broad 
sense, a greater ‘“‘Gondwana-land,” of which Australia and south- 
ern South America were perhaps but lobes. 
At this great length of time, since the Paleozoic, and under the 
conditions of lack of Antarctic geological information a delineation of 
southern continental outlines is largely mere guesswork. It does 
not appear to the writer as necessary or even justifiable greatly to 
interfere with the main basins of the south Atlantic Ocean or seriously 
to threaten the existence of the Indian Ocean. The oceanic dis- 
placements involved in postulating so great southern land masses 
would seem to be in part compensated by the smaller proportions of 
the Permian land areas not only in South America, but in the other 
continents. 
The continued efficiency of the Antarctic land connection in Meso- 
zoic time is attested by the relations of both land plants and verte- 
brates in the Southern Hemisphere. As bearing distinctly on this 
subject from the paleobotanical standpoiat one need cite only the 
occurrence of the Rajmahal flora in Argentina as reported by Pro- 
fessor Kurtz... The great extent of the land surfaces, whether com- 
t The intimate relationships of the Mesozoic and even of the Tertiary verte- 
brates of Patagonia to those of the eastern hemisphere have been abundantly shown 
by Professors Ameghino and Scott. 
