34 WARREN D. SMITH 
THE INTERMEDIATE UPLANDS 
All of the territory which is not coastal plain or central plain, 
and which is not above 5,000 feet in elevation, I shall designate as 
the Intermediate Uplands. Most of the highlands of Luzon will 
come in this category. Topographically it consists of the foothills - 
and the sloping flanks of the high Cordilleras. The rocks may be 
of all classes, but the chief formations are the folded Tertiary 
sediments, limestones, sandstones, and shales, with the coal- 
measures, which slope away from the central ranges. Also the 
lower, and generally worn-down, volcanic stocks will be comprised 
under this heading. 
The population in the Intermediate Uplands consists largely of 
the less progressive types and of more or less recent white settlers, 
prospectors, etc. In certain parts of Luzon, such as in Batangas 
and Laguna Provinces, where the underlying formation is a decom- 
posing volcanic material and where the country is not too greatly 
dissected by streams, there is a fairly prosperous population, but in 
the uplands of northern Luzon very little advancement can be 
noted. ‘There are scarcely any roads and there is very little com- 
munication between the different communities. The greater 
dissection of the country by the streams has decreased the area of 
agricultural land, and unless the mineral resources be developed, 
the country will always remain comparatively backward. The 
people who inhabit those sections give very little promise of ever 
being able to take advantage of the mineral resources as these are 
usually low grade and refractory. 
THE CORDILLERAS 
_ The eastern Cordillera.—The eastern Cordillera has a general 
north-and-south trend, but is marked by great sinuosities, following 
pretty closely the east coast of Luzon, so that in its southern exten- 
sion where it cuts through Ambos Camarines, particularly in the 
Caramoan Peninsula, it is running almost east and west. Very 
little is known about the eastern Cordillera and but few prospectors 
have crossed it. Here and there in the northern part, some 
adventurous ones, notably Messrs. Heise and Dudley, crossed. 
Ickis (formerly a mining engineer in this Bureau) made a recon- 
