38 WARREN D. SMITH 
canyon, and andesites on the upper slopes. There are no active 
volcanoes in this region but there are several extinct craters, and 
great areas of volcanic tuff. Around Baguio, the summer capital, 
there is a great deal of this material. 
The population of this Cordillera is almost entirely made up of 
Igorots with the closely related tribes: Apayaos, Ifugaos, Hongots, 
who are very scattered, and comparatively backward people, except 
in their knowledge of agriculture and irrigation. The Igorots of 
Lapanto practice the art of copper smelting (which was probably 
taught them by the Chinese) and with considerable success. The 
country is almost entirely without roads, but there are a great 
many Igorot trails which do not take any advantage whatever of 
the topography. The government, however, is building a horse 
trail which practically follows the backbone of the Cordillera for 
many hundred kilometers. It is proposed, in time, to make an 
automobile road out of this. Such a road will be of great 
benefit to the country and, already, there is a better feeling 
between these northern tribes and between them and the 
Philippine government. 
As I said before, the Igorots take very little advantage of the 
topography; however there are several well-defined routes of travel; 
the principal one being the trail from Bontoc to Tuguegarao, from 
San Fernando to Baguio by the Naguilian trail and from Candon to 
Cervantes by way of Tiela Pass. From Tagudin to Cervantes and 
from Vigan across to Solano by way of the Abra and Chico rivers 
and then from Laoag across to the Abulog River by the Worcester 
trail. There is considerable travel by way of these routes, the 
passes being taken advantage of by the Ilocanos to go up into the 
Igorot country to trade. The Igorots, however, do not go down to 
the coast very much, and when they do, go usually for plunder or 
to buy dogs, which is one of their principal articles of diet. Ido not 
know to what extent the Igorots use these passes. From my own 
knowledge of them it seems to make very little difference to them 
whether the road follows an easy grade or goes up and down hill; 
in fact they often take an up-and-down hill trail in preference to 
one on the level. 
