668 HENRY S. WASHINGTON 
explains its features better than does the view that it is due to an 
explosive eruption, surrounded as it is by the scarps of Costa Zeneti 
and Cuddia Nera on two sides, and the ends of the lava flows of 
Gelfiser and Khagiar and the slopes of the Montagna Grande mass 
on the others. 
With the cessation of the outflows of black pantellerite, though 
after what interval we do not know, began the phase of basaltic 
eruptions, the earliest being apparently that which broke through 
the green pantellerite of Monte Sant’ Elmo. These were compara- 
tively small in volume and confined entirely to the northwest part of 
the island, though Foerstner mentions some basaltic dikes as occur- 
ring along the east coast. These eruptions formed the small, 
(0 Rondagio 
LaveKhagvar 
i 
es 
Stes 
> a > 
- Ga 
5) = > 
E > 
Nu tee ee 
cy 
o& => = 
CMa 
|= 
N 
y 
06, 
4 
ier 4% 
25227274 
S 
SSN 
Wate sey ess 
Fic. 4 
scoriaceous cones already mentioned, and also gave rise to flows of 
basalt, which covered a large part of this portion of Pantelleria. 
The submarine eruption of 1891, four kilometers west of the harbor, 
is to be regarded as the last eruptive activity." 
Evidence of diminishing volcanicity is still manifest in fumaroles 
and hot springs. Of the former the most important are the Favara 
Grande and the Stufa di Khasen. The first is situated on the slope 
of Montagna Grande, northeast of Monte Fosso del Russo, at an 
altitude above sea-level of 410 meters. It consists of three openings 
in the rough lava, which emit scalding hot steam with a strong odor 
of sulphur dioxide, the rocks being deeply decomposed for some 
distance around. This fumarole is utilized by the goatherds for a 
tH. S. Washington, Am. Jour. Sct., XX VII (1909), 131. 
