VARIATIONS OF GLACIERS 751 
the water level 12 feet at Childs Glacier bridge, and doing much damage 
twenty miles farther south. 
Wrangell Mountains.—Kennicott Glacier was unchanged from 1011 to 
1912; the descriptions of the upper portion of this glacier and its tributaries 
in rg1r and 1912 by Miss Dora Keen, who ascended Mount Blackburn in 
the latter year, indicate no significant present-day activity. Chitina Glacier 
is said by Benno Alexander to have advanced between 1911 and 1912. 
St. Elias Range.—The previously unexplored glacier system of the St. Elias 
Range between Mts. Logan and Natazhat was partly mapped in 1912 by the 
American Boundary Survey party under D. W. Eaton. The Chitina Glacier, 
whose chief tributaries are Logan Glacier from the southeast and Anderson 
Glacier from the northwest, is 33 to 5 miles wide at the terminus. Logan 
Glacier is 45 or 50 miles long and 23 miles wide. It probably originates near 
Mt. Logan on a through glacier divide connecting with the Seward Glacier of 
the Malaspina system. The lower portions of Logan and Chitina glaciers 
are covered with ablation moraine and forest, including trees at least one 
hundred and ninety-three years old. The heavy growth of coniferous forest 
along the margins of Logan Glacier shows that it has not been larger than now 
for several centuries. The photographs and descriptions by Mr. Eaton show 
that Logan Glacier commenced a spasmodic advance in 1912 which widened 
and crevassed the upper portions of the glacier; ablation moraine material 
fell into crevasses; the glacier advanced over alders, and marginal lakes were 
formed. This activity after nearly two centuries of stagnation is probably 
the result of avalanches due to the earthquakes of September, 1899, in Yakutat 
Bay, which is less than 80 miles distant (only 50 miles from the divide between 
Logan and Seward glaciers). A small tributary of Anderson Glacier was also 
advancing actively in 1912. 
Mr. C. G. Quillian, commanding the Unites States Coast and Geodetic 
Survey steamer ‘‘ Mc Arthur,’’ went close to the western edge of the Malaspina 
Glacier in May, 1911. He reports a new bay in the ice at the western edge of 
the glacier; its position indicates that the Guyot lobe of Malaspina Glacier 
has receded many miles. The new Coast Survey map (Chart 3002, March, 
1912) indicates that this recession is about 9 miles, but Mr. Quillian’s estimate 
is only 24 to 34 miles. The discharging face of the glacier within the bay was 
200 to 250 feet high. 
The writer of this review has concluded, from the study of a map and 
drawing made by Vancouver in 1794 and from a story handed down by the 
Yakutat natives, that the sea in the old Icy Bay of Vancouver reached to the 
Chaix Hills at the base of Mt. St. Elias in 1794. This involves the probability 
that the seacoast was subsequently pushed southward by the advance of Guyot 
«For a detailed map of the lower Copper River glaciers see Lawrence Martin, 
“Gletscheruntersuchungen lings der Kiiste von Alaska,’ Peterm. Miit., LVIII, 
(z912, IL), 78-81, 147-49. 
