184*0 



THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 



7 



^minthdr Orchidaceous 



Brazil ? » «-£? in « «s» M 11 



of thef** 



K^»»»« i'^^rSn; found T„ S? vc,a 



V 10 



"hjte border, which is 'he 



^,-ch.Ucy are *s«»™ £-,„. it „ also singn.ar y 

 SS-*» .? .£^« nicely, ft shou a be U*e»cd 



#* •>. 



Sr^e^u; accordance 



of Botany. . 



( Herbaceous Peren- 



bofctttr »t> ou: ulc % ";"i":o"v% render it an object on wnicn it is 



SCoSan.. which ■^•J^SS peatnels of these flowers, 



jbtful to paze ; and t he ex uu another charac- 



JSb their copious production in ctense « . ,_ tv- M „_,._, 



Irttotk 



UUul to ^ux , •»•■ - -■; • d se heftds is another cnarac- 

 their copious prodictwn in dense n „ Botanical 



rc wh ich * to «■ r f^; k5 \ V > it -it is a native of Chile, 



»" !£, SteiceXgly common, and is called Semper- 



- - •PP^^5?SSj e Jce of its rtcep azure flowers. It 



STEAKS? conversant with the Chilian 



Mea* 



where 



tire, on 



has k^^^^j^iT^tes'to introduce, and repeated 



S^;: «aSSA^» »t, but in vain, ootll , ee ds 



^^1 rfv* All* 



mm 

 GrcD 



^j£^^r^£af5^ "hid. « too com- 



S2to Ac wee of flowered well last autumn with Mr. Glen- 

 S^toe of t^Turnham green Nursery. He writes us respecting 

 ^&^3™S«Uf in collections is attributable to 

 time causes; viz., the sparing; way in which it has hitherto been 

 incrmtca the want of the true desiderr.tum of culture, and the 

 rreat difficulv attending its preservation during: winter. I -per- 

 petuate it bv division of the roots. This means of increasing it, 

 however. ia a very sparing one. It should be divided early in 

 the autumn, that the plants may be established before the damp 

 days arrive. It must not from this be inferred that the plant is 

 tender. On the contrary, it will resist considerable intensity of 

 flmt without injurv. It will produce seeds although not freely. 

 A plant here has afforded me a little seed ; and I have now plants 

 obt d by both modes of increase. The seeds should be sown 

 humet'.iately when gathered, in light sandy soil, and placed In a 

 warm house. When sufficiently advanced, the plants should be 

 potted singly in small sixties, and kept in a dry part of the green- 

 house during winter." The great point in growing; the plant is 

 cideiiily to preserve it from superfluous dampness. To aid in 

 etTecdng th is, the heath-mould in which it is potted should be 

 particularly fibrous and open, and have ft little turfy loam and 

 leaf-mould mixed with it, besides a small quantity of broken 

 sandstone. The three divisions of the pappus of the flower have 

 cri gloated the generic name, which is from fret*, three, and 

 pfitoa, * feathcr.-Prfxroji's Magazine ofBntanv. 



island*. From time immemorial the seeds have been ern- 

 ploved as money in some parts of America. Chocolate 

 seems to have been first manufactured in Mexico, and the 

 Creole ladies were for a long time so fond of the beverage, 

 that it was habitually served to them even in church by 

 their slaves. 



74. Mallows. — Among the very numerous species of 

 Malvaeem, several are of essential service to man. As 

 emollients they are well known in medical practice ; the 

 Marsh-mallow "{AUhcea officinalis) being; one of the most 

 useful among this kind of remedial substances, and a large 

 proportion of the whole order being capable of supplying 

 its place. The hairy covering of the seeds of the various 

 species of Gossyplum forms the raw cotton, so important 

 to our manufacturers. Malca tricuspid at a is used by 

 the negroes In the West Indies as a substitute for soap. 

 The seeds of Hibiscus abchnosclius are warm and musky, 

 and are employed in perfumery as a substitute for musk ; 

 those of Hibiscus esculcntus form the ochra, so much 

 used in hot countries as a mucilaginous ingredient in 

 soups. A few species are acid, especially Hibiscus sab- 

 dariffa. •Finally, the tenacious fibres procured from the 

 inner bark" of many kinds of malvaceous plants, form a 

 good description of cordage. Hibiscus elatus and tilia- 

 cezes, and several kinds of Sida, are principally used for 

 this purpose. 



?h 



t wk Vt l " C!,cuia * U,,G cnange irom tiie otners. it was 

 wand by Mr. Hartweg, the collector for the Horticultural Society, 

 in the shady woods of Santa Maria, Guatemala, and sent to the 



frXiCtv's rurden ■»«■ thn ......... *: . ,_ •« ___ , . 



flora and A. rosea, 

 continues to flower 



_/.,_.. - • ».».'.**...£ freely in the nursery 



m^V-LW ?' Ea,in &' in October last. Bern- of a strong 



rt \n « k ' ! p ' t0 lhe hei & ht of eighteen inches or t 



stem ™ i„ f, ,,ands °nie blossoms towards the top of the 



on «rh ™ • xlUar 5" P^uncles, which have usually two flowers 



lured tVn 5 TJ' atlark Vermillion, with a light orange- 



nnedon he » mb " Curi,ms ,ittle »ulb-!ike tuber, are 



ka?eT Totv?t P K rp ? r i of thc Peduncles, along with minute 

 grown raptd " whe,f if ^ menes J n ««« perfection, it should be 

 sphere will hi<f IZ L b ^ IM to start « A wann moist atm °- 



be/uppUedS ^rouT2 I,>h , that ° bject; «* if tl,ese conditions 

 the more eonSff a° me * um of bottom-heat, they will be all 

 Throughout^,; \ A " 1; "'^atelv rich loamy soil is requisite* 



bat it d!r;s; r ;r p!ant ^ tm ™ in a sta<e « ^ ! 



c ""»seqiientlvrPnn!r-A stems so early as some of its allies, and 

 We ?re,nme Sit Si bev?atered *»th caution in the autumn, 

 t-'bere in abundine'e rom \? *£ ef tbespwies. it produces 

 »«ltty prnpto, - - ' and thRt bv these lt majr be 



"•-a good asion £* Hf l^ colours of its floww8 ' ir 

 « i A. g SZo°J- e hyb "? i8t fnr W«"ding with such 



offers 



Speciesas A.Pranriiforo" '"" " ,w,nilH n,r 



! wn »««»oms would h ?im r0=OU '- In(le ^, with the forr,er, its 

 * altoeether ameUorSiS ^ m size : while A ' ro *" 



^ Mngazin? o/ B^tan Perfusion of its h\iLs.-Pax. 



Clematis uovta». w 

 Bower - Urg C . fl ,,; vor A ; H ,} ar - Brandiflors. Mountain Virgin's 



?* PolyanddaR "^ S"'?/- %"*** Clim ^') Kanu^cula- 

 J^RTant Clematis monC^""^ bandsomc variety of the vcrv 



E2? of Mr. VeS K " n f a , fl :T eretl "tl* 



. pniodation for cuZW cul! J:' atl »- r i'» gardens whor. 

 ft"cni e,,Cac J- of tbeTr cS^ 8, T ' e P ro »»«»n of Urge flowers, 

 Emendations . ? h °. lo "^J lnrt thfiir fragrance, are strong 

 Ke n^ UC « anan Hamilton eol S!? ? a native ot ' Northern India. 

 k!£' fl ° Weri n& in TuS v l 'M* Chitl ^v, in the Valley o 



Wlof h S ' atan I'lWauo no f . Urcva,e » t » the Himalavno 

 *SSL2 f JS e sea - h our n iSfrJ °"!, 5 ' ,10l) to -°"° ,cet above t he 

 toWo^^h the rn 0n ?b of w T'" 5 m oa ' ! >' "«•"«. a " 



11 ^framlayers.-c ur S ' r7 5, St , n ; <e8 *"«"* ^om cut- 



Iu * Botanical Magazine. 



* CwI^ URALI ST'S CORXEK. 



niade, 

 jK)wd 



*i 

 sold 



C Z°; be J an ?' from whic ^ chocolate 



pared i n lum 



is 



ps or cakes, or in 



- «a sold in tt.A i "* lun 



** «eeds of the n£#' h0ps Under the nanie of cocoa are 



fr 8 t0 the «4 of r a ? /Ca ° 0f b ^«"ists. Stree 



Ch in U , i8 s ^oo h °d 7 ab0ut three lncl »e« in 

 th! Cd colo «r. Th *\ lhe ^rtrtfci and has a vel 

 ^rrattlin^ wheQ Je seeds are known to be ripe* t 



ft Sati"^ i.W U Shake - The (!icao y 

 UUr*r e of ^troiiV tlU5t « a11 the vp ar through 

 11 ^y cultivated,::^? re 8 10M «f America, where il 



*™ as m many of the West India 



Miscellaneous. 



Mr. Loudon.— Mr. Loudon's father was a farmer, re- 

 siding in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh, where he was 

 very highly respected ; but J\lr. Loudon was born on 

 April 8th, "l 783, at Cainbuslans, in Lmarkshire, where 

 his mother's only sister resided, herself the mo'her of the 

 Rev. Dv. Claudius Buchanan, afterwards celebrated for 

 his philanthropic labours in India. Dr. Buchanan was 

 several years older than Mr. Loudon, but there was a 

 singular coincidence in many points of their history. 

 The two sisters were, in both cases, left widows at an 

 early age, with large families, which were brought up by 

 the exertions of the eldest sons ; and both mothers had 

 the happiness of seeing their eldest sons become cele- 

 brated. Mr. Loudon was brought up as a landscape-gar- 

 dener, and began to practise in 18015, when he came to 

 England with numerous letters of introduction to some of 

 the firsl landed proprietors in the kingdom. He after- 

 wards took a large farm in Oxfordshire, where he resided 

 in 1809. In the years 1813-11-15, he made the tour of 

 Northern Europe,'traversing Sweden, Russia, Poland, and 

 Austria ; in 1819 he travelled through Italy, and in 1828 

 through France and Germany. Mr. Loudon's career as 

 an author began in 1803, when he was only 20 years old, 

 and it continued with very little interruption during the 

 space of forty years, being only concluded by his death. 

 The first works he published were the following :— 

 44 Observations on laying out Public Squares," in 1803, 

 and on " Plantations," in 1804; a "Treatise on Hot- 

 houses," in 1805, and on M Country Residences," in 1806, 

 both 4to. ; l « Hints on the Formation of Gardens," in 

 1812; and three works on "Hothouses," in 1817 and 

 1818. In 1822 appeared the first edition of the "Ency- 

 clopedia of Gardening ;" a work remarkable for the im- 

 mense mass of useful matter which it contained, and for 

 the then unusual circumstance of a great quantity of 

 woodcuts being mingled with the text : this book ob- 

 tained an extraordinary sale, and fully established his 

 fame as an author. Soon after was published an anony- 

 mous work, written either partly or entirely by Mr. 

 Loudon, called the "Greenhouse Companion;" and 

 shortly afterwards " Observations on laying out Farms, 

 in folio, with his name. In 1824, a second edition of the 

 44 Encyclopaedia of Gardening " was published, with very 

 *reat alterations and improvements; and the following 

 year appeared the'first edition of the " Encyclopedia of 

 Agriculture." In* 1826 the " Gardeners' Magazine was 

 commenced, being the first periodical ever devoted ex- 

 clusively to Horticultural subjects. The u Maguin6of 

 Natural History," also the first of its kind, was begun in 

 1 3. Mr. London was now occupied in the preparation 

 of the " Encyclopaedia of Plants, which was published 

 early in 1829, *nd was speedily followed by the 44 Hortus 

 lintannicus." In 183:), a second and nearly re-wntten 

 edition of the ■« Encyclopedia of Agriculture was pub- 

 lished, and this was" followed by an entirely re-wntten 

 edition of the " Encvclop ia of Gardening," in 1831 J 

 and thc * 4 Encyclopedia of Cottage, Farm, and A ilia Ar- 

 chitecture," the first he published on his own account, in 

 183ft This last work was one of the most successful, 

 because it was one of the most useful, he ever wrote, and 

 it is likely lorn: to contioue a standard book on the sub- 

 jects of which "it treats. Mr. Loudon now began to pre- 

 pare his great and ruinous work, the "Arboretum Bn- 

 tannicum," the anxieties attendant on which were, un- 

 doubtedly, the primary cause of that decay of constitution 

 which terminated in his death. This work was not, how- 

 ever, completed till 1838, and in the meantime he began 

 the " Architectural Magazine," the first periodical de- 

 voted exclusively to architecture. The labour he under- 

 went at this time was almost incredible. He had four 

 periodicals, viz., the 44 Gardeners'," "Natural History,' 

 and 44 Architectural Magazines," and the "Arboretum 

 Britannicum," which was published in monthty numbers, 

 going on at the same time ; and, to produce these at 

 the proper times, he literally worked night and day. 

 Immediately Ott the conclusion of the 4t Arboretum Bri- 

 tannicum,"" he began the " Suburban Gardener, which 

 was also published in 11538, as was the * Hortus Lig- 

 nosus Undine ^ ;" and in 1839 appeared his edition 

 of Repton's " Limisr «pe-Gardening." In 1840^he ac- 

 cepted the editorship of the " Gardeners' Gazette, which 



he retained fill November, 1841 ; and in 1842 he pub- 

 lished his 44 Encyclopedia of Trees and Shrubs." In the 

 same year he completed his " Suburban Horticulturist ; " 

 and finally, in 1043, he published his work on "Cemeteries," 

 the last separate work he ever wrote. In this list, many 

 minor productions of Mr. Loudon's pen have necessarily 

 been omitted ; but it may be mentioned, that he contri- 

 buted 'to the " Encyclopedia Britannica," and Brande's 

 " Dictionary of Science ;" and that he published numer- 

 ous supplements, from time to time, to his various works. 

 No man, perhaps, has ever written so much, under such 

 ad verse circumstances, as Mr. Loudon. Many years ago, 

 when he came first to England (in 1803), he had a severe 

 attack of inflammatory rheumatism, winch disabled him 

 for two years, and ended in an anchylosed knee, and a 

 contracted left arm. In the year 1820, whilst compiling 

 the M Encyclopedia of Gardening," he had another severe 

 attack of rheumatism ; and, the following year, being 

 recommended to go to Brighton to get shampooed in Ma- 

 homet's baths, his right arm was there broken near the 

 shoulder, and it never properly united. Notwithstanding 

 this, he continued to write with his right hand till 1825, 

 when the arm was broken a second time, and he was then 

 obliged to have it amputated ; but not before a general 

 breaking up of the frame had commenced, and the thumb 

 and two fingers of the left, hand had been rendered useless. 

 He afterwards suffered frequently from ill health, till his 

 constitution was finally undermined by the anxiety attend- 

 ing on that most costly and laborious of ail his works, the 

 44 Arboretum Britannicum," which has, unfortunately, not 

 yet paid itself. He died at last of disease of the lungs, 

 after goffering severely about three months ; and he re- 

 tained all the clearness and energy of his mind to the 

 last. His labours as a landscape-gardener are too numer- 

 ous to be detailed here, but that which he always considered 

 as the most important, was the laying out of the Arbore- 

 tum so nobly presented by Joseph Strutt, Esq., to the 

 town of Derby. Never, perhaps, did any man possess 

 more energy and determination than Mr. Loudon ; what- 

 ever he began he pursued with enthusiasm, and carried 

 out, notwithstanding obstacles that would have discou- 

 raged any ordinary person. He was a warm friend, and 

 most kind and affectionate in all his relations of son, hus- 

 band, father, and brother ; and he never hesitated to sacri- 

 fice pecuniary considerations to what he considered his 

 duty. That'he was always most anxious to promote the 

 welfare of gardeners, the' volumes of this Magazine bear 

 ample witness ; and he laboured not only to improve their 

 professional knowledge, and to increase their temporal 

 comforts, but to raise their moral and intellectual charac- 

 ter.— From the Gardeners' Magazine— which, we regret 

 to say, has been finally discontinued, after a useful exist- 

 ence of 18 years. 



Ccesalpinia coriacea. — The seeds of a plant were 

 exhibited on the 7th of Dec. at the Royal Society of Horti- 

 culture, Paris, under the name of Cesalpinia coriacea, but 

 it was an error, for they were the seeds of C. coriaria, 

 which are used in America for tanning. I examined them 

 in the hothouses at Neuilly and elsewhere, where the 

 seeds of this tree grow in the tan-bed. It is a remark- 

 able fact, that the tannic acid produced by tan permits 

 this tree to grow, whilst in its fresh state it destroys the 

 embryo of many vegetables. The tanning principle lies 

 in the sides of the pods and not in the seeds. — Pepin, _ 



CALENDAR OF OPERATIONS 



For the em 'ir Week. 



Tun Gardening Directions in this Paper have been 

 hitherto entrusted annually to some one Gardener of 

 known skill and reputation; 'and we hope our readers 

 will a?ree with us in thinking that the manner in which 

 Mr. Paxton, in the first instance, and subsequently 

 Messrs.W biting and Beaton, fulfilled their task, was worthy 

 of all praise. It has, however, been found that a weekly 

 duty of this nature presses too heavily upon any man 

 diligently engaged in the business of a Gardener ; and. 

 moreover, no one person, however great his talent, can be 

 supposed to understand all branches of cultivation equally 

 well. We have, therefore, decided upon altering our plan, so 

 far as to confide the important duty of conveying weekly 

 instruction or advice to gardeners ail over the United 

 Kingdom, to some of the most intelligent persons of our 

 acquaintance ; and bv this means we trust to render the 

 Calendar all that it 'i« possible that it should be. \Ve 

 may be expected to state who the authorities are, whom 

 we "have been so fortunate as to secure. We must, how- 

 ever, decline affordiuz the curious any information upon 

 that point, for the "following reason. The labour of 

 writing the Calendar is in itself very considerable ; but 

 when, in addition, the writer is exposed to eudless ques- 

 tions, upon all kinds of subjects from unknown corre- 

 spondents, the trouble is increased beyond endurance; 

 and, in fact, we do not feel justified in asking any oue te 

 be exposed to it. Tnis we conceive will sufficiently explain 

 our motive for concealing the names of our Calendarial 

 Iriends. m . 



I.— HOTHOUSES, CONSERVATORIES, &c. 

 The temperature of trie stoves should not exceed 6o now by 

 fire-neat, and a tall of 10° may be allowed at night in very 

 cold weather. Although all plants now at rest should be 

 kept comparative^ dry, they will require to be looked over daily, 

 to see tha' t.iev do not suffer lor want of water, particularly 

 those nearest the t»pcs and dues. Orahidacee y be P°tted, 

 tied up to Iocs, or fltted into wire baskets at any time when little 

 can be done in the open air. but they need not be watered or 



enticed to grow for a long time. cma n^t 



Curustrcaiory.-Oi all plant houses this requires the smallest 

 quantity of h in winter. I have seen Copserva tor*. » wjaw 

 plant* thrived verv well that did not receive MrtythevonUtoto« 

 for weeks together, in order to keep down dust-so mjunou i to 

 plant, iu wmter-the paths should not be aweptwhen^ey are 

 umtodrv. Gardcmrs are oitcn compelled tn »akeusa ot the 

 engine even in winter, to clean the leave. Very little watenrj 

 wm do here now, and that should be nine or ten degrees warmer 



