

26 



THE AGRICULTTRAL GAZETTE. 



of the kingdom,** regards the results of farming, would 

 receive their explanation, and inch an explanation, 

 probably, as, if acted upon, would greatly increase 

 the Agricultural produce of the kingdom. The 

 extent and nature of the influence exerted by climate 

 and by the other agents which affect farmers gene' 

 rally, would also be pointed our. And here we may 

 express our satisfaction at seeing that the English 

 Agricultural Society has offered a premium for the 

 best Essay upon < The Influence oi iimate on Agri- 

 culture.' A detailed and statistical statement upon 

 tins subject would be a most valuable guide for— and 

 as we have already stated, a most useful restraint 

 upon— future Agricultural writers. 



We conclude, with the hope that, during the 

 perusal of this article, our readers have kept in view, 

 and self-applied the inference from our remark- 

 which we again repeat i It is essential to the useful- 

 He* of any Agricultural periodical, which is int< led, 

 not for 1 il, hut for general circulation, that it be 

 supported by a wideh .spread correspondence among 

 practical n ; it is essential to the usefulness of any 

 such corresp deuce that it should not only embody 



facts, Kut state the circumstances also ui r which 

 these facts occurred 



[ J AX. 1S % 





CULTIVATION OF ITALIAN RYEGRASS, AND 

 MODE OF CROPPING A STRO CLAY FARM. 

 frown Italian Hy. 1 extensively and rcgu- 



H 



ATI] 



larlyupond.fi,,: kinds of toil for many year*, lam 

 not incomp. »t t > furnish tome lari rflspectiug it 



which may be -fgt ral utility. ' 



The soils best tda|ted for it are deep all.nial and 

 itronj? loama, and it succeeds writ Upon most dcscripl is 

 or land On those, howe?< which a Hgbl or »t v, 



etpecia y i( q P o B Oolite, Chalk, or l 



any wHIa ! for the frrmt'i of S the cropi 



of Wheat i, r it R ye ,; P , S ,, arc f Mqilcnt , ( 



tire, * i pi ably might not be the esse wen m , 



face skimmed off by an extra sh'ire wl , ,,! uHzhing the 

 land ; but it is not advisable I I so* any considerable 

 S u * nt fOfstj t;, Wheat after this Grass. 



Tbi produce is dually greater than I it from any other 

 description of art ial Grass, and the quality of the ,d 

 is excellent for all k f stock ; t fer it to almost 



any other pasturage. Wbeo these.d is soa-n with spring 

 Corn, the land should be stocked Immediately after ] 

 ▼est and the » >doce eaten off . ly before November 

 avoiding treading tenacious soils in wet seasons. Very 

 •trie In spring, the growth, after s . ti t, if the 



land be in proper condition, is surprisingly rapid, so that 

 tho<e who have a crop of Italian Rye-Grass in their regu- 

 lar rota . of cropping always possess good and abundant 

 keep f ( ,r sheep afier their Turnips are eoassnnesi that 

 being generally the most trying season for breeding and 

 Store sto« The produce should be well eaten off within 

 a few weeks, and the land should he without stock for 

 about the same time, alternating in this way during the 

 spring summer and autumn. By such treatment, two 

 fields of Italian Rye-Gr-ti (one of the first and the other 

 of the second year) will keep a much greater number of 



cattle and ■! rp, and in batter eondi -n, than the same 



quantity of land producing any other artificial Grass of the 

 first and second year. It should never, when pastured, 

 he sufTered to run into seed, that being most injurious 

 both to the quality of the produce and to the landaNo. 



When intended to be mown, Italian Rye-Grass should 

 be well eaten off after the preceding harvest, and not 

 stocked ,„ ^spring The seed should be ripe when the 

 crop is cut, and it should be taken up into sheaves imme- 

 diately after the scythe and set up ten or twelve toge- 

 ther until sufficiently dry for being clean threshed. This 

 she I be done on a cloth in the field, with flails, or the 

 heaviest and most valuable part of the seed would be lost. 

 It should be pot into sacks, carried into a barn and rid- 

 dled, and spread and turned frequently, until perfectly 

 dry, and should then be winnowed * , a gentle blast, bv 

 Which means the seed is of , re than double the v e of 

 what is en told ; and wth such treatment the pnult.ee 

 ha ; averaged n ore than fear quarters per acre, and of the 

 weight of about 10 stones per q rter. Half the quantity 

 of this, that is requisite of fun i (or of ordinary I dish) 

 seed weighing less than 7 stoi per qua r, will yield 

 grenfer produce. At the time of threshing, the cop 

 should be spread and turned ; and when stacked in rood 

 condition, it makes nutritious fodder, which is eaten bv 

 hor ! cattle greedily. ^ J 



When artificial Gn or Cloven have failed from 



Italian Rye Grass, and I lb. of Parsley, for mowing for 



horses and cattle, and the second crop principally for 

 sheep. ' 



One field of Italian Rye-Grass and white Clover, after 

 being pastored one year, ressetna for second year's pasture. 

 IS field of Ita'ian Rye-Grass and white Clover, after 

 being mown for seed and fodder last year, and the after- 

 math grazed, remains for second year's pasture. 

 Two fields of Italian Rye-Grass, one having been pas- 

 red two years, and the other having been pastured since 

 the crop of seed and fodder in 1812, will soon be ploughed 

 deep, and with a skim-share for Oats. 



Two fields which produced Oats last year after Italian 

 Rye-Grass, and one field which was sown with red Clover, 

 and Italian Rye-Grass last year are now growing Wheat. 



Three f. Ids, now Swedes and Turnins. will be soan 

 with Barley, Italian Rye-Grass, and Clovers, in spring. 

 1 he whole of the above have now a good appe. ranee, 

 the same system has been practised for several years 

 with increasing advantage. 



The arable land of the f.rm consists of IG fields as 

 ve : viz. two courses of six and one of four in alternate 

 rotation, and the same field is sown with Red Clover, for 

 being mown, only once in 10 years. I also grow Italian 

 Kye-Grass «ith white Clover for pasture, and with red 

 Uover for being mown, on two other farms regularly, and 

 have Jong ceased to sow any other varietv of Rye-Grass. 



Objei is have been made to Italian Rye-Grass b les 

 that mentioned at first, it being a!. ,-d that the land, a ft r 

 I socceeding crop of Cornell frequently foul with Couch 

 n other Inferior Grasses; this is the natural result when 

 genui seed has not been sown, or when the land has 

 not been properly cleansed. My land after the first and 

 •e< rid crops immediately succeeding Italian Rye-Grass, is 

 generally a ean as though the crop had been sown after 

 fallow ; and I have never failed of having abundant crops 

 Oi torn and these of good -uality, after Italian R>e-Grass. 

 I shall he happy to show my crops to any of your readers, 



or to give further particulars with reference to this con 



mumcat.on.-_ John Pa l**0», Lctj / Xncurk, 



general principles it would be hard to account fc?_* 

 Guano being more beneficial to a more fertile soil J?* 1 

 one that is less fertile, and harder still to say whV5* 

 3cwt. increases the produce of Corn by four bushel.* I? 

 diminishes it by more than half that amount \j!' ^ 

 soda presents another instance of irregular act 

 lewt. seems to have injured the crop; less Coi^^ 

 here it was used, and much less straw ; but when 81 * 

 fourth more was added the injury was not increased *_" 

 the produce was in a remarkable degree; amount* 

 8 bushels of Corn and '23 trusses of straw more th 

 the unmanured part of the same field ; the qualitv i?** 

 land, however, was very inferior to that on which ih-iu 

 experiment was tried. Sulphate of ammonia •u «? 

 other manure that repaid its co^t, exhibited' no 2 

 anomalies ; it is true it was tried in only one Dn W 

 tion en two sorts of Corn, but in both instance 

 small quantity produced good effects, especially unoniL 

 Barley, and better maybe anticipated from largernsi! 

 sures of it, for some experiments which I have tried as 

 smaller scale, for the purpose of testing more accural! 

 the power of the manure, seem to show that whenanS 

 to Corn its success is— not as on grass— nearly in taT 

 verse ratio to the quantity employed, but in some pronaT 

 tion to the increase of quantity— not, indeed, io^ 

 mite proportion, but so that the increase of producak 

 on an ascending scale. Three small portions of , pr fc 



" n " '"••' "•• ■■■ watered with a solution of 1 lb o(i 



phate of ammonia in 8 gallons of water, which is at di 

 rate of much more than 60 lbs. to the acre. The first vm 

 watered once, the second twice, the third three time? 



AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS. 



{Continued from p. if). 



ZadHl. WaVioA' "' linC U »** m ****—>M** is,. iorf., 



I now proceed to describe some experiments upon 

 Corn, which, however, were not of a dt ive character 

 for they were tried either only in single proportions 

 or on different soils, and therefore, though the results 

 are extremely discouraging, it does not follow that the 

 m inures are bad and not worth further trial. Other pro- 

 portions or, indeed, the same, under other circumstances, 

 may still be found advantageous. The mode in which 

 these results were ascertained was as follows —s 

 I" rebel of land were selected from each manured portion 

 and the produce both of Straw and Corn was carefully 

 measured and weighed, and from these data compared with 

 the produce of an unmanured adjoining portion of equal 

 extent; the profit and loss per acre was computed, after 

 deducting the cost of the manure. It is necessary to 

 iter into these minute details, for the purpose of showing 

 what reliance may be placed upon the accuracy of the 

 experiments. One conclusion, at least, m ay be safely 



IS5 



»» 

 »» 



. , ©---• -- ......i, ...,«,. 1V naa icareu u would m 



of plethora, and the thickness of the herbs- intercer 

 the liquid intended for the roots, it began to grow rusty 

 and the deep green verdure being disfigured with brows 

 spots, it seemed to he a complete failure. Nevertheless, 

 the ears shot up vigorously, and were not laid like sons 

 of the adjoining corn by heavy thunder-showers, and it 

 harvest 12 ears being taken from one end of each row 

 the Wheat they contained was weighed, and the results' 

 were as follows : — 



Watered once the weight was . 686 grains 



twic e „ . . 1330 



T .. _ thr,ce .. . . 1438 



in the first case the average number of stalks'upon each 

 root was six ; in the others, eight. Compared with the 

 unmanured, a bushel of it would weigh about 1 lb. more. 

 A similar ascending scale of value is more strikingly ex- 

 emplified in some experiments on Indian Corn. In allof 

 them several of the ears were very defective, and not hall 

 clothed with grain. It is, therefore, as in the last 

 instance, not to the positive quantities that I wish to call 

 your attention, but to their relative productiveness, 

 compared one with another. 



|. 12 plants watered with 25 gr. of su'ph. amm. 3 ieldeda ^ « 



9> 



II. 

 III. 

 IV. 



12 

 12 

 12 



!» 

 »» 



50 

 103 



»» 



#» 



»» 

 »» 



4 



5 



14 



2 



7 

 6 S3 



26 ll S 

 43 9 10 



maximum 



Manures on an 

 Acre of \\ heat. 



1 5 cwt. Urate . . 



2 lfibsh.of Poitte- 

 vin, i;o . . , 



3 20 b. of Clarke'* 

 dosic. Compost . 



4 Unman ore 1 . . 



1 2 cwt. of Guano. 



2 lewt. N.of Soda! 



3 20 b. of Clarke's 



Compost . . . 



4 24 hsh.of Poitte- 

 vin, 36 .... 



5 l6bsh.of Poitte- 

 vin, 170 ... 



6 60 lbs. Slph. Am. 



7 Unmanured , . 



r? 3 



-1 

 n 





Trn«i 



ofasibi 



55 





59 

 49 



51 



92 



91 



n 



it 



20 1 



18 



Value of 



Cro 1 

 I?, acre. 



\7 



21 



1 5 cwt. Urate . . 



2 l6bsh.of Poittc- 

 ▼in,170 . . . 



.. . - — ~- ™«. .,n» c Hiueu irom > 3 24bsh.ofPoitte- 



dro»gh f , or fro m _abundant crop, of Corn, the, may « S^.rfCIrt. 



90 

 11 



102 



99 



105 



32 



2 

 2 





 2 



£ 



8 



*. d. 



7 5 



I 



Cost p. I Profit Loss 

 acre, p.acre p. acre. 



£ s 

 1 5 



<<-■ £s.d. £ 8 .d 



7 16 4 



29 2 



30 1 



31 

 34 

 32 





 3 

 5 



7 4 



8 (9 



12 16 



13 10 



I 



1 



4 

 3 



12 4 9 

 12 14 J 



3 



1 



8 



1 

 I 



1 

 I 



16 

 4 



4 

 



9 















3 15 9 

 3 4 1 



2 



1 



9 



I. 113 ditto, unmanured 



II. U3 ditto, watered twice with l lb. 8oz.,'gave' 



These experiments supply no evidence of the -. WilM «.. 

 that may be used with advantage, and for their better 

 confirmation they ought to be repeated and varied and 

 tried in other seasons and on other soils ; but upon the 

 whole there is reason to conclude that this will be one oi 

 the most valuable among the artificial manures; and if 

 any reliance can be placed upon Liebig's discoveries, that 

 is no more than may be reasonably expected from a salt 

 combining in itself two such important ingredients in the 

 vegetable economy as sulphur and ammonia.— L. Vernon 

 Ifarcourt. 



(To be contlnurd.) 



23 5 

 S3 1 



18 

 14 



14 



1 



11 

 



1 16 9 

 206 



3 



1 







10 19 



11 



always be most effectually renewed by sowing Italian 



f fi!i 1 T' ", c h ,9 Very hartl * on «"> Ming portions of 

 a field after the f. rain succeeding harvest ; and this is 



a matenal advantage, as it insures a regular rotation of 

 crops. ° 



trr^fVJv* i8 x> the r*™* * tale 0f this f '™> *''th re- 



th.1 i°i Itah,n R - ve - G, "» ■"« the crops succeeding it, 

 the land b«nsj a strong ! „ up.,n u naci. clay, wel 

 under Jrai d th t , T e ^ ^ j I 



W fi -? '• ' ^ ICat ; - Wdl manured ' «nd sown^ith 

 Swedes or Turn, ps the chief part of winch are carted ofT 



!Z22S2Z5*t ^W-y^j «nd thus nnnnnsnal 



lie «"d m ° ^ manure is made, both solid and 



One field was sown with an imperial bushel of Ital 



7 1 20 3 O 1 



Compost . . , 



5 )* cwt. Kit. Soda 



6 Unmanured . . 



1 3 cwt. of Giia 



2 Unmanured . 



1 3 cwt. Guano , 



2 Unmanured . , 



On an Acre of 

 Barley. 



1 2 cwt. mo , 



2 60 lbs. Slph. Am. 



3 Unmanured 



90 



111 



88 



f9 



;o 



111 



92 



23 

 N 



H 



23 



23 



34 



16 







6 



6 

 2 

 3 



4 

 3 



6 

 I 



10 14 

 13 10 

 10 4 



5 8 



3 12 

 3 6 1 



a is 6 



1 



9 

 9 



is 



IS 



9 



2 1 



9T 



2 3 10 



3 2 10 



1 8 7 



37 



30 



21 

 33 

 18 



6 

 5 



6 



M 19 

 12 17 



16 



drawn from those experiments^ and tliaTTs, that in A^U 



„ „ - - - - — ^r.« u„ 3 nei or Italian !n *' " 8 . S othernatural fences, some phenomena 



Rye-Gr ,ss, 10 lbS D Of whit I lover.'and 1 lb. of Pa"l™ iLr^T^W " T' ^ C .°! tent DOt t0 ^ 

 acre along with Barley, last spring, and will be passed tZ^ J&£* V'^*' "** assist in ™^*S the 

 next year. » ea pro.dem why the sime quantities of the same mL.r. 



next year. 



One field was sown as above, to be mown next year for 



8 OX MINERAL** INORGANIC MANURES.-No.il. 



9 By Profi: or Charles Sprkngel. 



(Translated from the German.) 



bo many proofs can be adduced for the assertion that 

 the success of plants depends chiefly on the mineral 

 subs .ces of the soil, that it is only prejudice which 

 can make us for a moment doubt of it. I will state some 

 of the arguments in favour of my assertion. In all 

 (or, at least, most) plants belonging to the tribe of 

 Clovers we find a great amount of phosphoric and sulphuric 

 acid, chlorine, soda, potash, lime, and magnesia ; and we 

 know well that they will only succeed when the furrow- 

 slicc and the subsoil abound in these substances. Red 

 Clover is often very difficult to be reared, but succeeds at 

 6 - - * once if the soil be manured with marl. If we examine the 



latter, we shall find that it either contains ail the mineral 

 I substances required for the growth of Clover, or that it 

 contains those in which the soil was deficient, and for the 

 want of which Clover could not succeed. If Flax be 

 submitted to chemical analysis, we find that it con- 

 tains much magnesia ; and if we plant it in a soil which is 

 deficient in this mineral substance, it will either not 

 succeed at all, or turn out so badly, as scarcely to pay the 

 expense of seed and labour. After the same soil has been 

 manured with marl, the Flax In most cases will perfectly 

 succeed ; and if we subject the marl to chemical analysis, 

 we shall find it to be a sort which is most conspicuous for 

 its great amount of magnesia. A manure of wood-ashes 

 will at once elicit on all sour meadows, covered with 

 quantities of th* .a " m ? SS ' * ™ rief y of Clover and Vetches, and although the 



applied to similar soils under similar Hrcumstinw^nm.M ?n H™' *■£ Ww] 7 8 ° much P° tash a " d ^ *? 

 produce such very dissimilar effects - but 7alth»?* ° n ^ utral, , se ? m * h * twentieth pa, t of the acid contained 



: enects , out for that purpose m the soil, the above plants will still grow most luxu- 



5 



7 



4 



2 



8 



5 



4 



1 



5 11 



1 15 10 



I 



4 



9 



. 



1 2 6 



14 7 



