•)fi 



!JS 



THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 



4 inches high, outside dimensions when burnt is, for dig 



fg, wheeling, turning, and grinding the clay, 3*. per 

 000; for moulding, '2s. i ; for burning, delivering, 

 and for wa*te, 3*. ; in all H#. 6d. t eiclusive of coals an 

 leading. In 1831 one million and a half of these tiles 

 were supplied to one lir.d-owner, who was charged 

 22s. »'</. per 1003 for I n by the maker. When the 

 expeme of I*, tor grinding is added to 2s. Cd. for mould- 

 ing, making in all only 3s. 6d., the slight advantage of 

 machinery n >w in use to effect these processes will appear. 

 Where its application actually does reduce the cost, it can 

 only be by reducing the 3». 67. paid for moulding and 

 grinding, for the other charges remain the same. Few 

 use a I torn or tile s le. There are tile works now con- 

 structing where it is proposed to take the clay as soon as 

 dug, at uny season of the jear, pulverize it without adding 

 water, and mould it into tiles, all hy one operation by 

 pressure . ! at one quarter of an inch thick the tiles are 

 of surf nt Strength; they have inward projections to 

 dispense with the use of tile soles. Pipe tiles, and taose 

 of other shape*, as well as sewer tiles, sre to be produced 



of ecpial COmpirat ve strei h. — Anonymoun. 



I mments Uj Jurnijn at Botha :d, Herts. — 



il, heavy loam. Three previous crops, Wheat, ( »*r, 

 Wheat without manure. Sown July 21th. Weighed 

 December 19th. Space oc 1 by each ciperiment oi 



third ..fan a. the weight or Bulbs per acre are give 

 all dirt, root, and top being com pi y removed. Tl 



Turnips In Noe. n, 15, 16, 17, 19, end 21, were safe from 



the tly n week b re the others, and maintained a striking 

 supt y over them during the first two months :— 



hed in many of the Agricultural papers, and on that f lower Holm with the manure fro 



Mri'fUilit «Tf I 1 *• !*■« rmtrrmt nnr i n ..l,i !,»«. f- nm _.-* _/ i._J . -.1 .1 »•■ ... 



account we the less regret our inability from want of 

 room, to insert the whole of it. Mr. Harrison recom- 

 mends thst, instead of allowing the manure to remain on 



[ J AX. 13. 



cess poo 



nected with the mill, diluted with two-thirds wai>? , 

 with the exception of the banks of the cut and ri*. 

 done In March. The upper Holm we m.^17' 





,„-.,.. — ,.„._. „ ™ w . ,. 6 „, c mauuic iu remain on oone in 3iarci The upper lolm w#> m.« >'"* 



e surface of the yards, it would be better to form it into ! Guano at the. rate of 3 cwt. to the acre ».?! ^^ ** 



nek, round the tank, so that it may be supplied with the gated previous to the application of the al"^ 



I .ins. Cwt. Qr 



9 



4 

 I 



I 



10 



11 

 



13 

 II 



9 



J 



4 



l 

 ' I 



H 



I 



3 



1 



a 



1 

 a 



it 



10 13 



10 



U 18 



IJ 



II I '. 



1 



11 17 



13 15 

 13 14 



11 10 



II 

 II 



1 1 



3 







3 



I. H-r«edunjr, is Tons .... 



I Manure 



»• H Lain %, SO lb. per huahel . 



4. Kape Cake, 13 1 . . \ cast, 3 bush 



5. Ytast, s bushels 



0. Super i ateof I.nnc.i ishels ; P»io«. 



i f Aram i, is ib. Ytast, * >u»hcla 



7- I iate of A »t n I ., . > lb. 



».l erPhos r i our. 4 SiMhelsi Rapt 



Cake. H bw-hrU ...... 



9 - 1'hoaphattori.tmr, 3hu»h< Rape 



Cuk . • buahrl* 



10. Super I ate of I isbtlsi Phos- 

 phate <f Ammonia. 30 lb.; Rape fake, 4 

 b,l, hrU 



ll.s l»Sup«r Phonphateof l.lme ; Phos- 

 phate of Ammonia, 4a lb. ; Rape Cake, 1 

 bushels 



13. a bu.-hrNs r Phosphate of Lira Phos- 

 phate of Ammonia, 10 lb. j nape Lake, 8 

 bushels 



13. bushels Super Phosphate of Lime; Phns- 

 . 4 phate - I Ammonia, 30 lb. . Rape Cake, 6 



buahels 



l«. i bushels Sup. r Phosphate of Lime j 3 



bushels P iate or MagrnesU 



15. 5 bu. s Super .ate f |. ., 2 



bushels PhcM| h ite of Potash 



Ifi. 6 isheU Super ph »phate of Liint; I 



bushel Pbosphatt Magnesia, l bushi 

 Phoaphatr a*h 



} '- ■ Is of I.lmts I 



, "• s,l Potaah . i bushi 



of Magi || 30 lb. Pho> A . 4 



10. Super p hate of 1 ui bushels k'eaat, 



els; R«pc cake, 3 bushels 



19. 7 buabi cture, compos 60 parts 



Super Phosphate of Lisas . 10 parts Kapt 

 ( ike 1 ipamP ipbatt of Ammonia 

 so - l f B nes decomposed b/SuIphoi 



Acid. ; Rapt Cut, 7 bushels 



a:. 7 bushels Super Phosphate of I. ime 

 — J . If. [.awes. 



Lichens eaten by S.^ti, rets.— Perhsps some of the 

 reader* ot the Chronicle are not aware that the squirrel 

 feeds greedily upon Lichens. I was not aware of this 

 until a few days ago, when my attention was attracted by 

 one running up an Arbor viia?, with a piece of an Oak- 

 branch about a foot long. When it bad ascended about 

 half-way up the tree, it began to eat the Lichens from the 

 branch, which was densely crowded with them. I had 

 not stood two minutes when it took fright at me, ami 

 dropped the branch. I examined it. when I found about 

 8 inches in the centre of it quite clear of Lichens, and 

 part of the bark also bit off. The Lichen was the Rama- 

 linafraxinea.— J. Drumm icf, Blair, Drummond. 



The Markets.— I am glad to find you resolved to give 

 market prices on good authority. Such a plan deserves 

 every en. ouragement | for, as they are now published, 

 they a much worse than useless. I c mnot, however, 

 compliment you upon the manner in which it was done 

 last week. Nothing can be more absurd than Foreign 

 and English White (lover, 7 is to 84*. I will defy any 

 one to buy it at that price. I know that some second- 

 rate of last years was sold to-day at 90* , and some first- 

 rate was sold 00 Monday at 120*. For Trefoil no return 

 is given, though there is plenty of it ranging from 30*. to 

 40*. English Red Clover is wron*, too; and you have 

 actually no return tor T s, though plenty are to be 

 _ bough t. Ho werer, time will improve. I dare oay.— /»«/*r 



SchUnnhl Jan. 10 Another correspondent complains 



of the unbn.sioess.like form in which Wheat is given. * For 

 instance, the nr.ee of Wheat from Norfolk, Lincolnshire, 

 &c, is stated at 4„. to 54* ; but, from the form of the 

 report ,t is quite impossible to know whether White or 

 Red W heat is meant. Of course the value of reports de- 

 pend, entirely Dpon their accuracy and fulness ; and now 

 that your Paper: sat an Agricultural character, accu- 

 racy and fulness will be looked for in that department "— 

 [In reply to these criticisms, we can only say that the 

 reports are given on the authority which we quote, and 

 that we have done all that we believe it possible to do to 

 obtain correct returns.] 



Management of Manure in Farm-yards.— We have 

 been requested by Mr. Harrison, of Devizes, to publish a 

 letter on the Management of Manure., which he addressed 

 to he Royal Agricultural Societies of England, Scotland, 

 and Ire.and, some months ago. It was at that time pub- 



liquor during the time of making. He recommends that 

 all weeds, cuttings, and ; irings from roads, deposits in 

 di'ches, rubbish from gardens, &c. &c, should be carried 

 home, and be depot d in these manure-ricks, according 

 to the following directions, viz., V A layer of stable-dung, 

 1 foot thick, salted; a layer of vegetable 1 r, C, inches 



thick, limed ; a Uyer of stable-dung, 1 foot thick, salted ; 

 a layer of vegetable matter, 6 inches thick, limed ; a layer 

 of stable-dung, 1 foot thick, on the top of this fifth lay- 

 ing; saturate with the liquid from the tank in sufficient 

 quantity to ; ass through the whole. Begin again, and 

 repeat the 1. vers as before with the dressings, and make 

 the ricks to any size, the larger the better; then cover 

 them np close with long dung or straw (earth would be 

 better) to keep in the ammonia and prevent the rains 

 from penetratii " Mr. Harrison jnstlj remarks, that 

 " A dam farm il not to be obtained without attend ng to 

 the DM of manure properly decomposed, aid also to that 

 of liquid manure, as these take no filth to the land." He 

 states, in ow r mpHcated recommendations for 



a general pi in I adopted in the manufacturing of farm- 



yard manure would, I am convinced, from the experience 

 1 lave had with Ag ulturists, have no general effec*." 

 And he says " from experience" what we were at first 

 inclined I hr, that the plan he has suggested is very 



plain and I le, so as to be in the power of any one to 

 •dopt ; ami that those w may feel inclined to try it will 

 find their manure doubled by it in value. 



Jt,ries.—\ few months back I addressed you on the 

 comparative merits of boiled and onl led bones. In your 

 reply } appeared to give a decided prefer, e to the 

 former, notwithstanding the enormous loss of grease in 

 the p ess of 1) —say 60 per cent. I have since 



had a little conversation with a respectable Scotch farmer 

 from Roxburghshire, from whom I elicited some interest- 

 ing facts bearing on the above subject, although he was 

 Dot aware at the time what my object was I inquired if 

 bones were Still in great estimation in his neighbourhood 

 He replied that, for the last three or four years the 

 farmers had neglected them altogether, in consequence of 

 little or no effect being produced by them on the Turnip 

 crop, and that they were now glad to return to the farm- 

 yard for their supply of manure. He further added that, 

 five or six years ago, bones only were used for the Turnip 

 crop, and with the most beneficial results. He could form 

 no idea as to the cause of the change which had taken place, 

 nor could he inform me as to the weight per bushel of the 

 >nes now and five years ago ; but he told me that on the 

 first asion of bones being Qsed in his immediate neigh- 

 >urh !, he nn red a few yards of the drill line after 

 1 hey had been sown some days, and found them covered 

 with an exudation having the appearance of hoarfrost (his 

 own expression), and which was, of course, the essential 

 part, viz., fat ind grease. About two years ago, when 

 bones were found not to answer, he examined them, as 

 before, but no " hoar frost" was to be found ; the examin- 

 ation was repeated several times, but still no exudation 

 was perceptible— he could not account for it. Now, to 

 me, the reason is very obvious : the first were genuine 

 unboiled bones, full of marrow and grease— hence the 

 appearance of "hoar frost;" the last were boiled and 

 stewed till not a particle of fat or grease was left, and con- 

 sequently there was no " hear frost." I am not a learned 

 hemist, and may be wrong in the conclusion I have 

 dawn ; but I am open to conviction, and shall feel much 

 obliged by any information on the subject.— E.R., Halifax 

 Artij il Manures.— If you would tike the trouble to 

 ascertain what the real facts are regarding the many new- 

 fashioneJ manures which farmers are advised to use you 

 would be doing us a real service, and also how to tell 

 whether the good ones are adulterated. I have tried mv 

 hand a little at these things, but I do not feel at all sure 



that I have ever got my money's worth buck again, to say 

 nothing of profit. However, I do not want to set any 

 body .gainst them ; only, 1 want to learn whether they 

 are good for anything or not, and if so, for what > We 

 farmers have no money to waste in fancies; and although 

 we .hould be glad enough to get better crops if we could 

 yet we should be also thankful for advice h >w to proceed 

 Now that your Piper is started for our information, you 

 Should not lose time in making us acquainted with the 

 truth in this matter.- Timothy Kippax, Farmer. [\\ e 

 per ectly agree with this correspondent on the importance 

 Of the subject he names, and have already taken means to 

 do that which he desires. We shall examine all the 

 manures that are on sale, and st ite every facL for or 

 against them, that we can collect.] 



CJw*r D dder.— Having reason to believe that the 

 Dodder found upon Clover raised from Indian seed is not 

 the same as that which has been so destructive of late 

 in the Clover.fields of Ea>t- Anglia, I should feel much 



that manured with the nigV-soil and urine "waVirriT* 

 subsequent to manuring. To prevent the water (10**** 



! 



... n j ...„ ...... u .w, «v »ua uaiiiiueu up and 



to sink into the land, which it soon did, as the irf^ 



allu I and sandy. I believe scientific irtigators da Jl 

 consider this plan so good as allowing it to flow 

 without stagnating; but this would have wasted 

 manure, and the plan succeeded so well, that we had 

 abundant crop by the 1st of June. We did not euttjfl 

 the 8th, on account of the unfavourable weather bdZ! 

 that time ; hut were then so highly favoured as tolT 

 vest the whole (14 aero) in less than a week. W'e had 

 crop of sixty cart-loads of about 13 cwt. each. We tks! 

 immediately irrigated again, and cut our second crop {1 

 cart-loads cf 13 cwt.) in eight weeks from the fi.it ^T 

 ting. As so n as the second crop was secured, we raaaand 

 the banks of the cut and all the more impoverished pirti 

 of the field with a good coating of dung from the subl*. 



y I and cow-midden, which was overgrown and oatsf 



sight in about a fortnight. Our cesspools connected wot 

 the mill arc now so large and well supplied with valuta* 

 manure, that I hope we shall have little or no occasion * 

 use Guano, except upon those parts of the field fast 



innot reash with the water-cart. In addition to tas 

 urine and night-soil flowing into these cesspools, we twi 

 in the ammoniacal liquor from the gas-works, which n 

 find to be a po rful stimulant; and v\e fix the amo* 

 nia by putting in a daily supply of a oulpho- phosphates! 

 lime (from bones), which some of the manufacturing cbs- 

 mists produce in large quantities and sell at a cheap rite 

 and which we find far more effectual for the purpose tin 

 either gypsum or sulphate of iron, and far less dangeron 

 and less troublesome than sulphuric acid T. G. 



obliged to those farmers, and others, who may have 

 gathered either of those Dodders if they will send a sir all 

 portion of the plant to me, by post, directed to " St. 

 John s College, Cambridge." A strtement of the person 

 from whom the C over-seed w a8 obtained, and the date of 

 Us purchase, would be a v luable addition to the speci- 

 mens. If this information is afforded to me, I have 

 reason to hope that I shall be enabled to trace the seeds 

 of the weed to their native -ountry, and point out a mode 

 of avoiding it in future.— Charles C. Babington. 



Application of Manure to Water Meadows—The 

 following are some particulars about our crops of Grass 

 m the Holm :— By means of a water-cat we watered the 



_0CICtlCS. 

 HIGHLAND AND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



The monthly meeting in the Museum was held os 

 A\ ednesday, Jan. 3, under the presidency of the Earl o( 

 Roseborry. The first communication was from Dr. 

 [orison, of Banchory Devenick, descriptive of a guard for 

 protecting the piers of bridges over rivers against acci- 

 dents from floating timber. Sir John Graham Dalyell 

 then described (he model of a machine for weighing ca'ttk 

 and sheep and other commodities, constructed by Mr. 

 John Craig, Glasgow. This machine resolves itself into 

 a steelyard. One pound in the scale balances one stone 

 on the platform. Sir George S. Mackenzie exhibited to 

 the meeting a chondrometer, made by Mr. Adie, optician, 

 Edinburgh. Mr. Borthwick, of Crookston, then read a 

 communication from Mr. M'Lean, Braidwood, near 

 Penicuik, in continuation of experiments made by him in 

 1842 with certain manures. One field of Grass that had 

 been top-dressed with saltpetre, nitrate of soda, salt, soot 

 and earth, ashes and eaith, and soot, and intended for 

 Hay, was obliged to be pastured by the dairy stock, aloag 

 with other pasture lying contiguous. Throughout the 

 season the cows seemed to relish the Grass in all the pas- 

 ture alike, except that dressed with soot, in which they 

 allowed almost all the Grasses to run to seed, and the 

 Clover did not seem to thrive so well upon it. Another 

 field of inferior soil was ton-dressed, an acre to each, with 

 sulphate of ammonia, guano, guano and sand, soot and 

 earth, nitrate of soda, salt, urine, saltpetre, and a portion 

 left without any top-dressing. The Grass was made and 

 cut into Hay, and the general results were, that the por- 

 tion which had no top-dressing yielded only 3/. worth of 

 Hay, at Sd. per stone of 22 lbs., whereas each of the 

 other portions yielded nearly double that value, the 

 greatest being derived from the soot and earth, mixed in 

 the proportion of 15 bolls of soot to 10 cart-loads of earth, 

 the Hay after which was worth G/. 2*. 8d. The crop of 

 Oats this year, after Grass that had been top-dressed with 

 30 cart-loads of farm-yard dung, was 20 per cent, superior 

 to that on portions top-dressed with 15 cart-loads of farm- 

 yard dung and various sorts of artificial manures, espe- 

 cially where the sulphate of magnesia, carbon, nitrate 

 of soda, sulphate of ammonia, and urine were applied. 

 A description of a model of a single horse cart, consti acted 

 by Mr. James Dryden, Builder, Saumiers-street, Stock- 

 bridge, Edinburgh, was read by Mr. Dewar. The itr 

 provement intended to be attained by this model consists 

 in placing the cart with its load upon the axle farther 

 forward or backward than its ordinnry position, by mean 

 of an adjusting screw worked behind the cart, according 

 as the load is to be drawn up or down hill, so as always 

 to retain the same weight upon the horse's back. A state- 

 ment as to the mode of erection and tenure of cottages for 

 labourers and tradesmen on Mr. Hope Johnstone's estates 

 of Annandale, by Mr. Charles Stuart, of Hillside, factor 

 on these estates, was read by ii Curies Gordon. The 

 last two communications were read by Mr. Milne — the 

 one affording a comparative view of the value of moss land 

 in its improved and unimproved state, and experiments 

 made thereon with different manures by Mr. CarsUirs,of 

 Springfield, near Penicuik ; and the other detailing expe- 

 riment with the same class of manures on the farm of 

 Anchencraw Maine, in Berwickshire, by Mr. Edward 

 Makins. Mr. Carstairs states, in regard to the improve- 

 ment of his moss land, that about. 30 years ago. when it 

 consisted of 233 acres, at an elevation of above feet 

 above the sea, it was h.t for 10/. a year, or ( J\d. per acre, for 

 sheep pasture, and then inhabited by onl;, persons. In 

 1843, two thirds of that quantity (the* remainder being 

 deep flaw moss) yielded from 70 to 80 small stacks of Corn, 



1 



