THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 



51 



IV 



— 4T cnrTFTY OF LONDON.— 



HOETICl'LTL RAL f h ^ t} ^^ibitions of Flowers an 

 "EL l« hereby pven that the ^ . seas011j wiI1 tak 

 «_* £ fftoeiety's Garden, in the £ 1SU * June 13 and j„i 



^J.SftKiri^ S3tUrd ?iHon air lady announced, it ha 



|M5*. ^ the ^"J^e^s rncted, in making thei 



■£55" th ,t the JoJ«w Whether the Plants to b 



to Uke %g#2^lj durirg the season Fu 



1 ^SeViSS life se P Exhibitions can be obtained upo 



l ui. Rggent-st . 



"^^ Chelsea, 



r WEEKS ^.•^d Co £lj«P sion> 



J • *« * to meet tbem at their Annual Dinner, on 



•*« *% h f PP Thos? who will favour them with their 

 ^•J^ri to communicate as soon as possible.! ,v 



j XTVRDAT^JANUARY 27, 1844. 



MEETINGS FOrTtHB TWO FOLLOWING WEEKS. 



Society of Arts . .8pm. 

 Botanical . • . 8 p.m. 



Entomological . • 8 p.m. 



Wtsmiur, Jan. 31 

 iT.Peb.8 . 



_it, Feb. 5 . 



owf, F<b. I! • Linnean 



8 PM 



is to as- 

 in so ar- 



Tbe term Landscape Gardening nas oeen auoptea 

 to deognate a profession, the principles of which, 

 thMgh volumes ha' " """ ~ — * -* <■ 



My understood. Th 



■it those who have li 



raring plantations, and shrubberies, conducting roads 

 of tpproach, forming rides and walks, placing build- 

 iMt, &c as to satisfy the taste of others who may 

 have any in such things. This definition, homely as it 

 may appear, is in reality the marrow of the matter, and 

 at once declares that those who may adopt the profes- 

 sion must have the taste required, to such a degree as 

 to induce confidence to be placed in them. Then 

 the question— who is to judge of the qualifica- 

 of a Landscape Gardener? Of course, persons 



hive, at the least, as much taste as the professor. 

 Hence, were a nobleman or gentleman admitting him- 

 stjf not to have sufficient taste of his own to enable 

 him to dispense with the help of a Landscape Gar- 

 ,to require it, it may be asked— to whom should 

 beifflyfor guidance to a skilful professor? It is 

 common in requiring the character of a servant to 

 ■PJpJj t0 tD * master whom he had last served. It is 

 •ndent, however, that in the case of a Landscape Gar- 

 toe, we should not apply for information to the 

 «|toyer, because he has, by the very act of employ- 



t,declaredhimself unfit to give any opinion. If the 



•l/K.i!l? T8entle T n ^ e re( l uest ed to judge for him- 

 «"J looking at what has been accomplished, this is 

 ««*, because he has confessed himself to have no 

 •TdvThf Ti h m ? tt 1 ers ~»o taste ; and conse- 



* i iffR Un n k t0 jud - e of an y such Wfc Here, 

 ■Sfcrft! ^ «J% »?mewhat startling. In order, not 



wHto A^F?' u necessai 7 to dip a very little 

 Fd^^^ of the thing; £d as Mature 



****, our shortest 



cases,* tnlrmni, Tx. "~? w arrive at irutn 1 



imi h0d at her door and make known 



«**™Jr±ZT Ce ' an<1 hui »Wy guesting 

 *« <*. Z oW P ?L her S * crets > she Wds 4 us look 

 o«ted by th ™ **' "otioiis which appear to be 



*« ««d Z aTancien nl A f?T in *viduals. 

 "■ »h<> PasseloK n. 1 noUe ° aL The first 



way to arrive at truth in all 



our 



Pen* 



'wwuttaki 



_ I should like to 

 was plan ted— some cen- 

 ie next person passes on 



third 



to 



. joks upward and all ^ * ce " ine third 



2?" M n< >ble a head - u tm " k -'"Worthy 

 £ Pf t from the stem ' T! S racef u% the gian t- 



Sft^*^ ffciTffi lnitSd ( a tree! How 

 ^**penin g the s h '£ folla S e > catching the lights 



5J.*" t *pJ&^- Ule , painter •' " The 



S ^^bracingit, and ^T ln ^~ m ^nr es the 

 5 ft fWt th «ugh om ! on e , S ~'' Three fat homs 



•Sj^^hat gToriouTw ft ;- W L thout a break ! 

 •«^-~ a good LITt k , nee -, tlm ber among the 



ft? d th * hTgol on h' * ! ~ and bark - le t 



"* 4i t ttB, ba and WV m ay ' calc il a ti„g the 



*•. of taste T„ b !? k - No ^ which of These 



t^'.-aid 



• SL: &ft , S£^^«-!5 



*i> ot^EL^fS?*. l ° the tree ? 



^ 



*« ZT for the hi?r° n , f0r the 8eco » d ! 

 W the fourth t' and a timbe r mer- 

 r ^y, ev». • . ° acc ount 



l i «*»- ft ! 7 .? ne hau u ;;?wn taste: very truly. 



^- their TS.^e with "L m _ dl ? er ent indi- 

 ^^diijg 



| enter at some length into the philosophy of these 

 things, it would not be suitable to such an article as 

 this. Indeed philosophers are not quite agreed about 

 the causes of differences of taste. We, therefore, 

 refer such of our readers who may feel inclined to 

 study the subject, to two of the most recent works, 

 Sir T. D. Lauder's edition of Price, and Sir G. S. 

 Mackenzie's Review of the Association theory, in 

 which he makes a strong appeal to matter of fact. — Gr. 



In our last Number appeared an advertisement an- 

 nouncing the intention, on the part of some friends 

 of the late Mr. Loudon, of calling a public meeting 

 early in February, to consider " the best means of 

 extricating his widow and daughter from the diffi- 

 culties ill which they are placed by his sudden death." 

 This is, we believe, the proper course to take, for the 

 desultory attempts of individuals can never produce 

 the effect which may be anticipated from the opera- 

 tions of a public meeting. 



We hope much from this plan, for there is evidently 

 an anxiety among the gardening public to do some- 

 thing substantially useful on the occasion. We have 

 published a few letters on the subject— many more 

 are lying before us; the Members of the Regent's 

 Park Gardeners' Association have had a meeting, for 

 the report of which we regret that we had no room ; 

 and Mr. Paxton has issued a circular appealing 

 strongly to the friends of Horticulture for assistance. 



As soon as arrangements for the proposed meeting 

 are completed they will be advertised in our columns. 



We do not consider that it will be useless or unin- 

 teresting to explain a little in detail some of the pre- 

 vailing theories and contrivances having regard to the 

 burning of coal and other similar materials in 

 ordinary furnaces ; because, although such knowledge 

 may be of little use in the management of any given 

 apparatus, it may, nevertheless, enable many persons 

 to form a better judgment than they would otherwise 

 arrive at of the various new projects which are per- 

 petually brought forward : at the same time, it must 

 be confessed that the minute display of chemical, down 

 even to atomic illustrations, which are occasionally 

 brought to bear on this subject, and the extreme 

 nicety with which the elements of combustion are 

 proposed to be balanced and adjusted, are somewhat 

 out of place, when it is recollected that these refine- 

 ments are spoken of in reference to an operation which 

 undergoes immense changes, while the mechanical 

 appliances remain unaltered. The furnaces to which 

 these remarks apply have, among other causes of 

 change, to be fed at long intervals, presenting, at one 

 time, a dense mass of black coal, and at another, a 

 heap of glowing cinders— a change of circumstance, 

 which, independent of changes in the character of 

 the coal and in the state of the air, must cause a very 

 great change in the chemical action of the two periods, 

 and must require equally great modifications in the 

 admission and distribution of air, to render available 

 the extreme accuracy which is professedly aimed at in 

 the previous calculations. 



This last remark, it is true, would not apply in full 

 force to those furnaces which have revolving, or 

 rolling, or oscillating, or otherwise movable grates, 

 and which are fed at such short intervals and with 

 such infinitesimal doses, that they may be said to 

 receive a constant stream of coal. These costly and 

 complicated contrivances seem, however, too trouble- 

 some or too expensive even for steam-engines, where 

 there is power to work them and constant attendance 

 to keep them in order; they may therefore be safely 

 dismissed as hopelessly inapplicable to horticultural 

 purposes— and without much regret, since they afford 

 no proof that even they overcome the difficulty 

 formerly alluded to, arising from the essential non- 

 inflammability of some portion of the earlier products 

 of distillation ; nor do they attempt to meet the second 

 great objection to ordinary furnaces, which will be 

 presently explained, and which, if it exist as asserted, 

 is the largest in pecuniary amount, though it may be 

 the smallest in annoyance. There arises, it is admitted, 

 but iittle visible smoke from some of these ingeniously- 

 constructed furnaces ; but that may be accounted for by 

 the extremely small quantity of fuel supplied at one 

 time. The complete absenceof visiblesmoke is.however, 

 no proof of complete combustion, as it is well known 

 that there may exist a considerable escape of fuel in 

 the form of transparent vapour. 



Before, therefore, we quit this part of the subject, 

 it may be stated, that, since it is out of the question to 

 expect complete combustion, or to prevent the escape 

 of very disagreeable matters from the burning of 

 mineral coal, it will always be expedient to keep the 



far removed as possible from 



stances to the extent of an hundred feet, making it 

 therefore easy to remove a chimney two hundred feet 

 from the place where its effects are to be produced. 



Even this distance would not, in many instances, 

 sufficiently remove the objectionable matters, and they 

 are besides liable to be returned by the wind : it is 

 still desirable, therefore, as a matter of luxury, as well 

 as one of economy, to consume the coal in the best pos- 

 sible manner, and this will lead us to consider the 

 matter somewhat minutely, as it is only by ascending 

 to first principles that a judgment can be formed of 

 tlie^ claims to philosophical accuracy and excellence 

 which are advanced by some of the more recent can- 

 didates for public approbation. 



The regulated admission of air, which is at present 

 the favourite mode of improving a furnace, will first 

 demand notice, and we cannot enter on this subject 

 without reference to that invention, which has, per- 

 haps, obtained the greatest share of notoriety, and 

 which has elicited very favourable opinions from many 

 persons whose names command respect. The inven- 

 tion we allude to is that which is secured by patent to 

 Mr. Charles Wye Williams, and of which certainly- 

 all Horticulturists should avail themselves, if it possess 

 but half the merit ascribed to it, and if it can be ob- 

 tained on terms commensurate with the comparatively 



small consumption of fuel required for Horticultural 

 purposes. 



The description of this invention we must give in 

 a future paper, together with an abstract of the prin- 

 ciples on which it is founde d.— A. 



BEES.— No. IV. 



(Continued from page 37.) 



I shall now endeavour to ascertain the most profitable 

 mode of augmenting hives. "Within 20 miles of London, 

 and, I apprehend, in many other parts of England, honey 

 is seldom used by common trades'-people but as a medi- 

 cine. In many parts of Scotland it is otherwise used : 

 there, like butter, it is spread on bread and taken at tea. 

 Hence, run-honey is dearer there than here, though honey- 

 comb is not. In Scotland, where honey-comb (in small 

 and neatly-made hives or boxes) is not sold for double the 

 price of run-honey, eking, that is, raising the hives three 

 or four inches with parts of old hives, is the more profit- 

 able system ; for the Bees have not only more room to 

 work, but also more comb to breed in, than they have 

 when crown boxes are used. But about London, where 

 honey-comb may be, I apprehend, sold for 2s. or 2s. 6d. 

 a pound, the crown-box mode ought to be adopted. Honey, 

 as well as honey-comb, is obtained when small boxes are 

 used. Mr. W. Pettigrew, at Carluke, informs me that he 

 has "taken three small crown-skeps (small neatly-made 

 straw-hives, in which honey-comb looks better, and is 

 more saleable in the Glasgow market,' if I don't forget, 

 than in boxes,) from one of my top or first swarms of this 

 year. The first, which contained DJlbs. of comb, was 

 sold for 17s. ; the second, 9 lbs., for 18s. ; the third, con- 

 tains 7 lbs., which I have not sold yet : and from the hive 

 on which these were filled I got 37^1bs. of honey." He 

 did not say how much honey he obtained from the stock, 

 or second swarm ; but we here see that he has realised 

 from the produce of one swarm a sum bordering upon, if 

 not above, 4/. Where crown-skeps or boxes are used no 

 virgin swarms ought to be taken, even though those 

 swarms (erroneously called virgin) may be taken off at or 

 before the beginning of July. In propitious years a second 

 swarm or turn-out will fili a box. Large swarms will fill 

 a box or skep that holds 15 or 20 lbs., without breeding 

 in it ; but a box that contains about 10 lbs. of comb is 

 more saleable than a larger one. As soon as a box or skep 

 is put on and pinned to a hive, make the Bees run up into 

 it by blowing smoke into the hive. In order to be able to 

 ascertain when a crown-skep is filled, there ought to be 

 two peep-holes in it. In taking off a crown-skep it is 

 necessary, first, to sever it from the hive with a bit of brass- 

 wire, then raise it with wedges three-eighths of an inch, 

 that the Bees may lick the honey out of the cells that are 

 broken and bruised with the wire. When it has been two 

 or three hours thus raised, it should be removed, and, if 

 the season is not over, another put on. If a lady or 

 gentleman should, about swarming time, send in an order 

 for a box of comb weighing 8 or 10 lbs., put a first swarm 

 iuto a second swarm-hive, and you will be able to meet 

 the order in a short space of time. But it may be well 

 for ^those whose hives are at present small to dispense 

 with boxes till their hives are larger. — A. Pettigrew % 

 Wrotham Park, Middlesex. 



(To be continued.) 



BOTTOM-HEATING and NIGHT-COVERING. 



The matter of night-covering is closely connected with 

 that of Bottom-heating ; and it is strange that the great 

 utility of mats on structures such as Pine-pits (possessing 

 a permanent source of Bottom-heat within) has not long 

 since pointed out the much greater necessity for such 

 coverings on structures for very early forcing, that depend 

 for their heat, in many cases, on a considerable surface of 

 parching flues or pipes. 



The chief hindra 



m 



ects, in 



1 """"" " «" orna- ' tarn M«~ - £ -^ £ \ lie ado P«on of ~J^ ai wr . 



beaccom- I of a mSfa" ZL'tut ^FT'^^ ** Want 



mical. Regard^-- - • g ' pliable ' durable ' and econ <>- 



The fi rs t lnet „n.' (. I nn a lt e ™u pI °y in S «">er 



° W N Z t a h m "jj *«v ^ vey the hot w°ater or s^aT '„ a fflfflSH 



' th ° Ugh ™ "Ugh of h fc y ea t e !! her abOTe « fc e J - the LT e!u £ 



<ne.e means may be used under onlinarv -i™, m 



means may be used under ordinary circum- 1 S0 ? e j hiD g *> the purpose. 



j 1 do not mean here to < 



material • and fo r f °° d . mana 8e»ent, pa, for the cost of 



that, S uL atteai L^'nT ^''V hare no do ^t 

 drawn to ih. I- I ° f our """"rfacturers be fairly 

 TZVl ! he , sub J ect ' « should not be Ion, -i Z il 



long without 



assert that Night-coveringg are 



