(is 



THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 



[Feb. 3, 



' 



the bra, e. .re .eld . » agled **"**0?% 



-nrWp.l The elioiale "lone. however. «o..M l>e suttiuci.i 

 "account for a material difference bet.ee. the produce 



*£XStt» of an Amateur to ob.^.n 

 importation of spotted French Rose tree, on the* 

 .Trival. If the lot be a picked one, be woo d Ik. Mr 



recognise the plaoU to be of the .... .peer .••«•£ 

 uoon wh.cli he had been accu.tomed to operate, or be 

 h«e the bid produced upon them to be the growth of a 

 siogle sear, ti, however, he i. to-eptad to buy, not only 

 the "ad. and rtM -0»« be Ukei. into «W«de n 100, 

 buthe rooU al.o-.he Freeh ar, l the hab.c of bud- 

 dTnV in hed g ... and of reusing the plant from nee fo 

 • ,lr If several sucker* Wave arisen from the same root, 



£uh l breVfor I spLnUtioi. in it. pre.ent .hape. and 



Sir; x^-W^-H* 



mainUh. the bead It can , during the present year, m 





eigorou* health through the next. 



The largest Siockf are those which hare an oval iruit, 

 (I ' a e c Srd indiscriminately. Dog Rm, MMq 

 haMhrUrl &c. bi rue countrymen, thoegb the varietie. 

 Kd8 - wllll 1 !!- if the height be £*«*£ o 



t oniiilete. unless the hui . oe *« • y »«»h » 



RoJ. ,«;,,,re different Stock, th i. advantage wuh ..me 

 ■n«.rir» of Rose csunot be obtamei.. 

 ^The Pro^ ce of . bed!. .HI be found to differ fro... 



th at .Vanothcr mo.t mM,, both U to .«.. I. • 



Woodlnees, colour, mode of gnmtb, «cc . some i*tog 



wered with pnckle. like the Eglantine. .»»« , with mieUe. 

 m, r" d, <r .rJd. .o». bee. the bush, grow.h of the com- 

 mon China, .hooting apparently from one joint put 

 be „w .,".<> I i other, with a ooofeod root like the .mall 

 en cie. of Lilac; some travelling over .pace a fter .pace 

 bvmean. of .ucker, ; .ome with empact, other, with 

 .U.ggl, ,g head. ; .ome place, appear to produce nothing 

 but mf,.H,r .tock. | other, none but the t.Ue.t and 



,to The'.maU green rounJ-herried .tock. are lea.t able to 

 re. .the f .o.t • they are, in con.enuc.ee, planted double 

 STbeS r^uired left to grow a. they please, and bud- 

 ded a foot from the ground in the ..em '"^ « f he 

 .hoot, «Mch the tbinne.. and flexibility of the bark 

 render, extremely e».y. being thu. .u.ted for pot. fcc. 



Youth, ». above .lated.i. not a mat er to 1 .....ted 

 up ,n. hut a, all young plant, of the w, 1,1 Ro.e *, .gene- 

 r.ll| be found to po..e.. the mo.t hbrous root., they are 

 Tcon. ence more l.kely to m.mta.n the.r power of 



free growth when twnsplir.ted than old one.. 

 8 (To it cmlinuM.) 



ot their .kin. when they become chry.alide.. In this 

 "a tcent .t.te they remain from a few day. to a. many 

 week., according to the temperature, many of them no 

 doubt sleeping through the w.nter. \\ h.l.t in thu state 

 of re nose the recent maggot is undergoing a wonder- 

 ?„| tr an formation within hi. own skin, which St last open, 

 at one e„d by a little circular lid. and out creep, the 

 t ou e-flv with it. body and six legs, ss large .» the, are 

 at a, ub.eque..-. period of it. life-indeed, the abd omen 

 ". often l.rger, a. it is filled with a fluid, which is after ■ 

 w» ,!s ".charged ; but without this *»**£*»•« 

 expand : for when the fly i.«ue. from h.s tomb, too on Iv 

 part which hs. to grow i. the wing. ; *»»JjJ* 

 crumpled moist objects on each side of its bod. , like two 

 Pocke its first object, therefore, is, before they dry. to 

 c uwl up a wall or .trow, when the fluid gradates or 

 forced into the nervure. or delicate veins of the wings 

 which vpands all the wrinkles, for they are not folds and 

 rt last the.e organ, are .tre.ched out end covered *, a 

 delicate transparent but iridescent membrane, and then 

 the little ani i is ready for flight. 



It i. now time to describe the Housefly, which ..mag- 

 nified flbr. 1). the cross line, .bowing us natural dune,,- 

 "iut Then tn'e wing, are expanded. It is one , c .the taw 

 insects which still bear, the name assigned to it by L 

 "«„,, who called it Musca dome.t.ca; It I. clotoed with 

 Suck hair, and bristles ; the anienn* are bUck, Wrth 

 featured .e.ie; the eye, are r«Ot^ Wrtte nUrW intt. 

 female., and are of a dull or browni.h red ; the space 

 between them is black, but the face i. .at.ny yellowish 

 w Ue .,.".. imilar line.urround. the eyes , the thorax , 

 brigh grey, with four bl.cki.b longitudinal lines . \the 

 abdomen cinereous or clouded oehreoo. -itt i* *tab* 

 line down the back, and .mailer elongated spot, on each 

 ide, varying with the light ; the belly to. oeteoon., ,hmj* 

 the wings yellowish; the .ix togs are long, slender, and 

 MackiT The abdo.nen of the male is of a transparen 

 ochre on the side., and the apex is rounded ; but n the 

 female it is conical, and often of a clouded ash-colour. 



h 



] their original nature distinct ; and, in »hor:. that 



multituilmous forms with which all nature teems, are ss 

 many evidences of the most amazing skill applied by 

 Bitwise Creator to the construction of living matter <* 



LB aft • ■ W "■* ^^ ^^ 



a few general and simple parts. 



ENTOMOLOGY. 



Thf. House FuKs.-Amongst domestic plagues flies 

 .re generally include. Few persons know from whence 

 they come, or are aware that there are numerous species 

 •hich inhabit our dwellings ; some a good deal resemble 

 each other, it is true, whilst a few are so very dissimilar, 



th.r. even to to MUfciwI "bs. irvtr, thert >i web i 



marked disproportion in size, that the smaller one. are at 

 once pronounced to be the young of the larger individuals. 

 In our days, when Natural Science has arrived at such a 

 degree of perfection as it had never previously attained- 

 when every vear, indeed, every week, brings forth works 

 of amusement and instruction adapted to every age, as 

 well as for every class of society-when we have such 

 popular volume, as Kirby and Spence's " • IntroducUon to 

 Entomology," •■ Penny Magazines," and equally cheap 

 Cyclopie, —it seems incredible, to those who have a 

 taste for scientific pursuits, that any one in England should 

 not be better informed concerning the works of the Crea- 

 tion which daily .surround us, than to suppose that flies 

 vary in size according to their age, and that consequently 

 the large and small are the old and young of the same 

 species* To assist in dissipating such errors and o 

 establish truth in their stead, being our great aim, we will 

 introduce the history of the House-fly. There are fifty 

 perhaps a hundred, different sorts of flies and gnats which 

 annually visit our apartments : I mean regular domestics, 

 for if ensual visitors be included the numbers will be 

 quadrupled. Amongst the former are the Green-bottle 

 flies, the Blue-bottle or Flesh-fly, and another very like it 

 called the Larder-fly, bouncing against the windows ; then 

 there is the biting House-fly, which interrupts our reveries 

 by stinging the legs and ancles, also the lesser and larger 

 House-flies, alighting on our food and soiling the furniture. 

 Their economy and transformation being similar, we 

 need only give the history of the last at present. The 

 House-fly, like most other insects, lays eggs, and probably 

 » considerable number; these are deposited in hot and 

 moist dunghills, and probably in putrifving vegetables and 

 refuse in gardens, muck-bins, and similar situations, and 

 batching i»to minute maggots of a dirty white and yellow 

 colour, they feed until they arrive at the size of fig. 2, and 

 greatly resemble the gentles which are used for bait m 

 fishine, and which are generally the maggots of the Blue- 

 bottle fly-— except that they are totally destitute of the 

 fleshy tubercles which those larva: have the power of pro- 

 trudinz from their bodies to aid their locomotion. , When 

 fat and full-fed, they lie dormant a few hours, during 

 which time the skin hardens and becomes an oval cylin- 

 drical horny case, of a chesnut or rusty brown colour 

 (fig. 3) ; and in this the two-winged flies, called Diptera, 



differ/perhaps, from all the other orders of insects, which 



A very accurate observer, Mr. R. H. Lewis, says— that 

 this and some other flies « were common in the ship from 

 England toVan Dnmen's Land, breeding in the rotten Fo- 



toes, &c. No wonder, therefore, that this fly is so much 

 diffused ; and it will probably be difficult to fix its original 

 country. I can state from personal observation that the 

 Muscn domestica of Canada, the United Stites, Cape of 

 Good Hope, and Hobart Town (where they are very 

 numerous), are identically one and the same species with 

 that of England ; and from the facility with which it pro- 

 pagates, I think it probable that it is to be found m every 

 >art of the world. * To the same genus belongs Musca 

 C*sar Linn., the Green-bottle fly, t «»<* \ he Musca voml - 

 toria Linn., the Blue-bottle or Flesh-fly ; but another, ex- 

 ceedingly like it, the Larder-fly, is associated with another 

 genus, and is named Anthomyia lardaria; the ner.ures of 

 the wings are different, as shown in fig. 5, those at ng. 

 being parallel ; whereas, in the true Musca, fig. l.the cells 

 are closed, or nearly so, by oblique nervures. The Lesser 

 house-fly is now a member of the genus Anthomyia also, 

 and is the M. canicularis Linn. ; it is very like M. domes- 

 tica in colour and markings. The biting Housefly, although 

 so like the darker female of M. domestica, is far removed 

 from it, by the structure of its mouth, which is horny and 

 formed for piercing; it is named Stomoxys calcitrans.* 



— Jiuricola* 



lew KCIltsca »»••*• ■ ■■ | ■ 



The Mineralogist shows that chalk, Carrara marble, *J 

 Iceland spar— peculiar combinations of a kind of air eas*. 

 carbonic acid, and of lime— are the same thing «^ 

 their particles in different states of cohesion ; and ^ I 

 charcoal and the diamond, flint, rock-crystal, the ametayt, 



,d opal, stand in a similar relation to each other. T. 

 Chemist finds gum, starch and sugar to be mere eo*. 

 pounds of charcoal and water; four so-called element* e I 

 be the basis of all the various forms of vegetation ; * 

 possibly two elements, each an impalpable air, to cot*, 

 tute all matter. In like manner, in the vegetable kisf. 

 dom, experience teaches us that, putting aside theeoae* 

 nature of the ultimate elements of matter, all the van* 

 organs which decorate a plant, however dissimilar they a, 

 be and notwithstanding the various uses for which tWf 1 

 are destined, are in reality mere variations of on.- come* 

 organ expanded and united in different ways, and app*. , 

 ine under a multitude of distinct forms. All branch* «« 1 

 science which treat of these singular facts may be teres, I 

 Morphology, but that word is chiefly used in speakii|«* 



plants and animals. 



Among plants these truths are exemplified in so extnat. 



dinary a manner, as to have excited doubts in some 



as to their existence. It has seemed to some aUisf 



inconceivable that the scarlet blossom of the Lily iVsiU I 



be composed of the same parts as the green foliage Ike 



stand, below it, or that the succuent fruit ot the Pea* 



should be one ot the thin leaves of the Peach-tree folde4e 



and altered, that, without attempting to examine the fate 



on which the doctrines of Morphology depend, they kae 



rashly accmed its advocates of Atheism, and proclaim 



one of the most wonderful manifestations of Divine pm 



and contrivance with which man is acquainted, a sysrf 



materialism, and a badge of infidelity If I did not ksw 



how often clamour beats down truth, for a time at least, sa 



what influence is exercised over the thoughtless by i^jj 



assertion, when it is not contradicted, I should probahj 



have left a demonstration of the facts of Morpholep 



some other pen ; but it seems due to the readers of ti. 



Paper to put them in possession of the evidence and I 



dispose of the many foolish notions that are pre.*le*« 



the subject. 1 shall therefore endeavour during the£ 



sent season, to bring forward, at short interval. , . i e» 



plete series of illustrations of the manner « i ch .» 



phologists support their case. In the meanwhile : it £ 



LstaUd, for the satisfaction of the feeble-mindei* 



Linnaeus was one of the fathers of these opinions, ^ ad e 



one ever accused that great man of Atheism or * 



de it y is surprising that those who are shocked at ; the * 

 of a leaf be'ing converted into a fni. ^ooW ~^ 

 considered some very common facts with which <? 

 hardlv be unacquainted. The following peas* ^£ 

 writings of a modern Swedish authoress may be raj 

 mended to their attention until we can resume the .* 



JCC ' The flower appears to us at first as a seed £ 

 sprout; the sprout becomes a bud, and ™wt° ^ 

 unfolds itself. Similar changes are i .how- ^ sj>y 

 objects in nature. See, yonder creeps the j deep ^ s 

 ing caterpillar. The hour comes and th ^feeb. 

 death falls upon him ; he gathers ; himscW op ^ 

 the cocoon ; this web forms his shroud, w 

 of his new being are .already ,nc ^s ed .« i h« » 



of his new being are aireaay •"—-;"- Ung n ot 

 the rings appear, the inner powers are i stru 3 g S fe 

 the change goes forward and decay appears , his 

 remain upon the old skin and the ne« r crea tu« h 

 its limbs 'yet unformed. By degrees these com 

 order, but the creature does not awake till au I 

 now he presses towards the light, and tin £t 

 quickly made. A few minutes and the tender ^ 

 come ten times larger than when beneath 



shroud 



FAMILIAR BOTANY. 

 Morphology. 



«« You see one pervading idea, worked out in every portion ; no 

 one thing appearing as an afler-thooght, though perhaps 

 not introduced till a period long subsequent to the fir 

 foundation. The true spirit of Gothic architecture is that of 

 living vegetation : it is the expansion of the vitality of the 

 germ : and, where this vitality e , each addition harmo- 



nises as naturallv with the portion upon which it is based, 

 as the leaf does when it springs out of the branch, and as 

 the flower does when it blooms amongst the verdure. How- 

 ever the building may spread and fructify, it is still one 

 organic whole ; and this is truly a transcendent excellence, 

 which no other production of human art ever acquired.'^ 



Thus speaks a clever modern writer, when describing 

 the Cathedral of Cologne ; few consider with whit truth 

 and justice, as regards the beautiful simile derived from 

 the vegetable world. Let me endeavour to illustrate the 

 Author's meaning, and work out at length an idea rich in 

 admirable truths, pregnant with the true philosophy of 

 Natural History, and having a direct, though perbaps not 

 apparent, relation to some of the commonest facts of 



Gardening. 

 j In modern times there has sprung up a branch of 

 science named Morphology, so called from two Greek 

 words signifying a talk about form, the object of which 

 is to show that in all the works of the creation the plan of 

 structure is, extremely simple, although the object con- 

 structed may be very complicated; that things, the most 

 unlike, owe their want of likeness to peculiar combina- 

 tions of things similar, or even identical, and not in 



♦Eut. Trans., v. i. p. lxxx. f Curtis's Brit. Ent., fol. and pi. 549. 



% lb., fol. 665. 



times larger than wneu ^"7T rrerJK tb> 

 SI ,ouu, they are gifted with an d-^^U* 

 glitter in every ray of the sun. His wn ° ichhe vs 

 changed; instead of the Grass and ^ s [^\ he go£ 

 before created, he now sips nectar-dew iro ^ 



cups. Who would perceive in the fo^™^ bot h # 

 the future butterfly ? Who would recognise n ., , 

 and the same creature, if observation ^t^ ^ 

 And both existences are only one 1^, and th ^ 



are one and the same earth, in which the org 

 constantly repeats itself." f let f ia* 1 



What is there in the transformation of a f 

 flower or fruit mo re remarkable tha nthia . 



""BEES.— No. V. 



{Continued from p. 51., vcrt re* 



The Feeding of ^•-S^^^^thernselves ; •£ 

 that Bees cannot gather enough to keep .them ^^ 

 times rainy weather immediately ensues a ^j 



and sometimes a rainy summer ^^^em ali«* 

 in a sufficient store of Pulsions to keep ^^ 



*r»rimr • on such occasions feeding » eC0lu n d **£ 

 SE&t "hing to feed Bee. with is losf-s-^ £ 

 at the rate of a pound of sugar to a pmt o £ 



boiled. Raw sugar and^ water ?*£«££ jt in .»«J 

 often used in spring ; indeed, I *»«*£ Foreign^ 

 and saw no bad effects resulting therefwm- ,^» 



sian and Prussian) honey has been used O £ i( £ 

 wh o had «sed honey f rom Dantz.c, told m £ 



was good and sate enougn torewa. » r" V ac le so" ** 

 never .aw it used. Bees will even eat tre 



