1844.] 



THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 



101 



i ..n or parts, out of which they «re compounded, but 

 h the actual ^ructure and external appearance of those 



So. a-ain, seeds, although at first sight they seem 

 ° nt from leaves, are really true leaves glued 



part# 



ti be so different from leaves, are reauy iruc ic«,c a g.ucu 

 together * for the seed-lobes into which they split are but 

 «!fre<enUtions of leaves, although indeed imperfect, 

 Ageless, small, thick, hard, dry, and colourless If you 

 doubt it only observe how those lobes, when the seed is com- 

 mitted to the earth, bv degrees expand into a perfect gieen 

 succulent foliage. As for the corolla and stamens, that they 

 are only modified leaves is made manifest by many ob- 

 servations. We often see the divisions of the calyx 



clear that the | 

 manner, we see in polyandrous plants stamens degenerate 

 inn petals, and so form double flowers, and then again 

 petals return to stamens : a sufficient proof that stamens 

 also are of the nature of leaves. In short, in plants, won- 

 derfully and admirably as their parts are constructed, all 

 things considered, I can recognise nothing except leaves 

 and°stem (for the root belongs to the stem)." And fur- 

 ther on, he declares, that his observations have convinced 

 him that " As the force of vegetation diminishes various 

 changes are brought about, and that all the modifications 

 of leives consist merely in a deficiency of perfection (i/i 

 defectu perfection is)." 



In the year 1790, the poet Goethe, knowing nothing of 

 the writings of Wolff, but acquainted with the specula- 

 tions of Linnteus, published his Inquiry into the Meta- 

 morphosis of Plants * in the form of a pamphlet of 86 

 pages, in which he demonstrated, in considerable detail, 

 the truth of most of Wolff's views, and finally laid the 

 solid foundations of what is now called Vegetable Mor- 

 phology. But at the time when his doctrines were pro- 

 mulgated, Goethe, like Linnaeus and WolfT, found the 

 world too much occupied with the surface of things to 

 trouble itself with inquiries the end and aim of which it 

 was unable to comprehend ; and it was in fact full 30 years 

 after the appearance of the last-mentioned work that the 

 science of Morphology became fully established. Since 

 that time it has made such progress that it is, I think, 

 impossible now to name a Botanist of any eminence who 

 entertains a doubt upon the subject ; which is justly 

 regarded as one of the clearest manifestations of the 

 power of Him "which doeth great things past finding 

 out ; yea, and wondrous without number." — 11. E. 



THE ROSE-GARDEN.— No. V. 



(Continued from pnge 84.) 



Sorts of Stocks for Different Roses.— -Different Roses 

 require different stocks. A tree that of itself would make 

 a yard of wood in a season, is confined and injured in its 

 operations, by having, perhaps, a single bud upon it of 

 some rare and tender sort of Rose, which makes but 

 feeble and delicate shoots. If left to itself under such 

 circumstances, the extra sap would find a speedy mode of 

 escape, by sending forth innumerable shoots from below 

 the bud, and the bud would soon have but a bare subsist- 

 ence, hoses which are free growers, such as the Noi- 

 sette, &c. will generally be found to succeed better upon 

 the wild stock than others, their habits of growth being 

 more assimilated. The Wild Briars grow very late in the 

 year perhaps more so than almost any other wild plant ; 

 and the free-growing bud avails itself of, iustead of check- 

 ing, this propensity, and draws un the whole sap the 

 standard can produce ; thus keeping up the full activity 



a 1 • C ' t,invm g and recovering a stagnant stem better, 

 and being less encumbered with suckers than delicate 

 sorts. Comparatively speaking, the White Moss, on the 

 contrary, cau hardly be kept alive when grafted upon 



Again, if a free-growingbud, such as the Noisette, Gre- 

 vne, &c were put upon a small stock, the bud would 

 entirely drink up the sap of the stock ; and. instead of 

 mailing a fine bushy head, would either grow 'in one long 

 snoot, or, at all events, make a small and mean head, in 



(both in i to cut them above t,ie fir8t fork 



that t\ °l tlle wn °l e steuQ mav be preserved, and 



produce tl rCngth ° f - 8h0Ot they are likely individuall y t0 

 iudffprl f*f BUCCeed * n g summer, may in some degree be 



clean Ja , °?\ the quantity of head to be cut off, and its 

 that str i Ir I ■ 7 a l , P earaD ce) ; it should be remembered 

 *erv «» • i S so ver y eas y t0 procure, none but the 



iected n and best should be chosen 5 and the re " 



to be „ ?. ma - v be Planted in some out-of-the-way place, 



more I t , i ** u Me tlley shouId be wa » ted - About a third 

 and thr *i should be chosen than are absolutely wanted, 

 resent tK m .f? be ,aid in the ground, as a corps de 

 •nd wit! f m ° st likel y be w °rked in the season, 



ccord n t ? 08tln & any trouble, except as to budding 

 sunnlv VJ eir health and strength ; the advantage o: 



of 



a 8u Pplv of diff*. 7l ■ , strengtn ; toe auvaniage oi 



tained. dltferent heights, sizes, and sorts will be ob- 



•WtTr 116 stocks are taken °Pj the y s bould be ke P t as 



^jures theTooL ^ Ssible f out of the ground, as the air 

 «treneth nf ti 1S ° f the g reatest importance, as the 



>t: but if Ik "P* 1 **" 1 snoots will mainly depend upon 

 ground 1 y n Ve been weak ened by lving out of the 

 *>ein* L,!t 7 x regain a Portion of their strength by 

 treefbS^ iho,te . ned in the stem ; for the roots of all 



*in it u .^i 0p0rl ! 0ned t0 the trunk the y have t0 main * 

 iowed bv « t D ! that an in J* ur y ^ the one should be fbl- 

 -^-!l^_!fj^^ and thus, to a certain 



<iotha, e i7g5 b die Meta morphose der Pflanzeu zu erklaren, 



extent, the more head removed in the autumn, the freer 1 

 supply of new wood will be produced in the spring. 



If it be desired to keep stocks some time before planting, 

 they must, like all other trees, have their roots covered 

 with mould, which is technically called, laying by the heels. 

 When stocks are sent any distance, a puddle of clay and 

 wa^er should be made, and the stocks dipped in it, so as 

 to form a coating to defend them from the wind ; and 

 then, being packed up in an old bass-mat, they will carry 

 without injury. 



The trimming of the stocks is next to be considered ; 

 first, as to the requisite height ; secondly, as to the mode. 

 The heights most desirable are, four feet, three feet, 

 two feet six inches, two feet, one foot six inches, one foot. 

 The mauner is, by a clean slanting cut, at about an 



angle of fifty degrees, the upper part of 

 the remaining stock being a quarter of an 

 inch above a bud. If the bud be not 

 enough marked to show its position, let 

 the lower part of the slant be that distance 

 above the ring denoting where the bud 

 is to spring from, and the extra plant can 

 be afterwards removed. The object of 

 cutting so near to a bud is, that when 

 the first shoot starts, the bark may begin 

 to form over the wound ; but if there is 

 any distance between the wound and the 

 . base of the new shoot, this will not be the 

 case, and the dead nood will gradually 

 eat into the stock. If, therefore, the 

 excision is not made in such wav that the 

 stock may begin to be covered the first year, it will be 

 better to leave a few inches (viz., as much as is between 

 the bud cut off, and that desired to produce the new 

 shoot,) that the tender shoots which spring from the in- 

 serted buds may be lied to it, delaying its removal till the 

 craft has become strong enough to heal the wound when 

 inflicted. This will in general be about eighteen months 

 after budding, when care must be taken to cut close to the 

 base of the shoot, which enables the rising sap to cover 

 the wound more easily. In all cases the wound should be 

 covered with either the undermentioned mixture imme- 

 diately, and a small piece of grafting clay, or, at least, a 

 little mould should be rubbed upon it. 



Trimming the root is a matter, if possible, of even more 

 consequence, because but one more opportunity will be 

 afforded of reviewing this part of the work, and perhaps 

 none of retrieving mistakes. The longevity of the plant 

 depending mainly upon the roots, it is necessary to 

 shorten all those which are long and thick, and to re- 

 move heavy lumps and clumps of unserviceable wood, 

 leaving, as nearly as possible, only such parts as are fur- 

 nished with small fibres and roots. This will afford an 

 opportunity of planting the stocks with greater care ; and 

 of forcing them to make fresh shoots, (which, in good 

 ground, they will be sure to do,) and thus continue to 

 improve. The roots, however, requiring the same atten- 

 tion as the branches, for a closer investigation of the 

 subject, see Transplanting. It is, therefore, only neces- 

 sary to add here, that attention must be paid to these 

 points; and for the greater convenience of cutting the 

 roots which are sometimes twisted and in cramped 

 positions, it will be desirable to borrow a carpenter's 

 small saw, of this shape, as well as a hand-saw, and thus 



3V •JsW.M+^-rxvr* <-. 



every facility being afforded in cutting the roots exactly 

 as they may require, the work will be much expedited, 

 as well as improved ; but it must be remembered, that 

 wherever a saw is used, either to root or branch, the sur- 

 face left must be smoothed over with a knife. 



Having finished these operations, and ascertained the 

 heights desirable for the stocks, this is the proper time 

 for shortening them, previous to planting in rows for 



budding upon. 



Mixture to heal Wounds, and Mode of Application. — 



Five-eighths of black pitch, one-eighth of resin, one-eighth 



of tallow, one-eighth bees'-wax : — or, half bees'- wax, half 



pitch : — or, one pound of white Burgundy pitch, a quarter 



of a pound of black pitch, a quarter 



(To be continued.) 



Home Correspondence. 



Farming and Gardening. — About here, there is a strong 

 prevailing 'prejudice expressed in the term *' that good 

 gardeners 'make bad farmers." Why this idea should 

 exist I cannot discover, unless the pursuit of Horticulture 

 is supposed to absorb the attention so much as to cause 

 the farm to be neglected, (which can only refer to enthu- 

 siasts or mere florists,) as the numberless phenomena to 

 be observed in garden cultivation, and which may escape 

 the notice of the farmer, might be generalised by an in- 

 telligent mind, and frequently applied with advautage to 

 the larger business of the field. It is true that there is 

 scarcely a farm-house without its garden, but when it is 

 a largean 1 ornamental one, in nine cases out of ten it 

 owes its beauty and utility to the care of the lady and not 



to the master, who, if a money-getting man, grudges the 

 land and perhaps the labour, and sometimes even the 

 manure necessary to provide the kitchen with Cabbages, 

 Peas, or Potatoes, and particularly where the mistress also 

 thinks more of feeding calves, churning, or brewing, than 

 of ornamenting her table with a bouquet. We may be 

 sure if an early dish of Peas is forthcoming, a fine head of 

 Celery, or a large bunch of Grapes, that the lady has ex- 

 tended her cares to the garden. I know of only two 

 instances in this neighbourhood where farmers make the 

 garden an object of attention ; they have each a collection 

 of plan's, an abundance of good vegetables, and excellent 

 fruit all the year round ; nor are they behind any of their 

 neighbours in the management of their farms, the land is 

 drained, the fences well kept, and they take prizes at the 

 Agricultural sh jws. In all the other instances of a toler- 

 able garden to a farm-house within the range of my ob- 

 servation, the lady of the house directs the *' rotation of 

 crops," preserves the seeds and bulbs, and takes jealous 

 care of the fruit ; purchases the plants, and distiibutes 

 the flowers. Whether this cheerful and necessary append- 

 age to a farm be M kept up " by the fanner or his wife, 

 may not signify much to the supply of Horticultural pro- 

 ducts for the house; but it does signify greatly that the 

 man should be interested, if he only wishes to avail himself 

 of the information conveyed by the Agricultural Gazette. 

 All cultivation on a small scale is gardening, such as ex- 

 perimenting on manures, reproducing small parcels of 

 picked seed, examining the relations of certain soils and 

 vegetables, and acquiring a knowledge of the pernicious or 

 useful properties of the different families of plants (as of the 

 Flax Dodder last week). A farmer, adapting himself to the 

 necessities of the times, must become more and more 

 familiarised with gardening operations, and this extending 

 to a habit will also induce a spirit of inquiry, and he wilt 

 reconcile himself to become in theory, as he already is in 

 practice, a botanist, a chemist, a geologist, and a gardener. 

 — J. W; Peterborough. 



Gas Tar. — I have tried this substance repeatedly for 

 some years upon fruit-trees in my nursery, and in all 

 cases it has answered the purpose of keeping off hares and 

 rabbits, and instead of being injurious, 1 imagine the trees 

 are benefited by its application : the only thing necessary 

 to be observed is, that it must be applied when the trees 

 are in a dormant state— say from November to March; 

 if done at any other season it is certain death. My atten- 

 tion was first directed to the use of g*s tar by Mr. Elliot, 

 woodman to the Earl of Carlisle, at Castle Howard, where 

 forest planting is done annually to a great extent, and 

 where game is so numerous that it is necessary to apply 

 gas tar to every tree tbmt is planted. At this place it has 

 always answered the purpose of keeping the hares off, and 

 does no injury to the trees.— 'William May, Hope Nur- 

 sery, Leeming-lane, Bedale, Yorkshire. 



Greenhouses and Engine-houses. — A correspondent 

 suggests that engine-houses are well calculated for green- 

 house plants, as they are well lighted and heated by the 

 sun and engine, and the work-people have no access to 

 the room. He informs us that Messrs. Wrigley, of 

 Cobster Hill, Oldham, have, in an engine-house connected 

 with their cotton-milis, several Orange-trees in good 

 health, producing moderately-sized fruit. 



Cucumbers.— We last week gave a report of the Cu- 

 cumber exhibition at Ipswich. Since that time we have 

 seen the prize fruit of Mr. Leathes and Capt. Aplin ; and 

 we feel bound to state that they appear to us to realise all 

 that can be accomplished by Cucumber-growers. We 

 seldom see such fruit about London at this time of the year. 



A Natural Mode of Destroying Insects.— During the 

 present severe weather my gardener caught half a dozen of 

 the Blue Titmice (Parus caeruleus), only one of which I 

 succeeded in placing in my greenhouse, with the intention 

 of hereafter setting it at liberty. No sooner had 1 turned 

 it amongst the plants than it commenced assiduously to 

 clear them of insects ; and to my surprise and gratifica- 

 tion, I have observed that many which 1 could not pro- 

 perly cleanse myself, particularly Cinerarias, have been 

 completely freed from these unwelcome visitants; nor 

 has, so far as 1 could observe— and I carefully examined 

 one or two of the plants— the slightest injury been sus- 

 tained ; and I have enjoyed the greatest amusement in 

 being a spectator of my little captive's labours.— OiXos. 



Pruning Forest Trees.— If I were assured by Mr. 

 Hamerton that he had ever seen five acres of plantations 

 or one hundred trees on hedgerows pruned for fire years 

 in succession, his objections to pruning might have some 

 weight; but in the abseuce of this proof I must be allowed 

 to maintain my opinion of the advantages of judicious 

 annual pruning, founded on the experience of 30 years. 

 The plantations at Nerquis have been inspected by nume- 

 rous individuals of the highest respectability, who bear 

 testimony to their flourishing condition. Mr. H. should 

 also not forget that the land thus planted cost only 1/. 

 per acre at a time when property of this kiwi was more 

 sought after, and that its high situation, (800 feet above 

 the sea,) soil, and cold climate, are adverse to the growth of 

 trees. By reference to the Gardeners' Chronicle of 

 Sept. 16th and 30th, Mr. H. will find the girth at the 

 bottom, and at seven feet in height, and also at the height 

 of clean straight timber, without a branch. The popular 

 feeling against pruning has its origin in the wretched 

 manner in which ignorant planters at uncertain inter- 

 vals mangle their trees with hatchets. — Philo-Sylva, 

 Northampton. 



Pruning Forest Trees.— This subject is one which it 

 is impossible to urge too much upon planters, as involving 

 consequences of the utmost importance to the successful 

 issue of much of the extensive planting which now exists 

 over the whole country. I can speak with great confi- 

 dence of the certain approval which the mode of pruning. 



