1844.J 



THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 



181 



tk*t 

 ttf 



loft** 



■sent 



miT prove your correspondent's position, seems to 

 L htZ had his fit of dyspepsia rather unopportunely 

 10 «.- • for surelv it cannot be true that in his 



STlSTrf d£Sn there is J' functional derange- 

 fSSfJSl of structure." The coats o h» 



to a state of great vascular activity, 



— j. «r*. thrown into a siaie ui gicai »«^«.— ~-»; t 

 1 T^the .PPli'»tion of the stimulus of the imbibed food. 

 SlT there shall not be structural derangement in the 

 IZL it i. required that a certain series of changes shall 

 • that a portion of the organ already in an incipient 



<nsue ; that a port 



state o 



.t, of decomposition shall be mixed up with the loosened 

 ££• of ingested material, to cause in them an analogous 

 Ik ieal cbtnee. But it so happens that by a sudden 

 £««Mion upon other organs of the animate individual, 

 Muriel of changes constituting healthy action is checked ; 

 the orssn becomes consequently structurally deranged ; 



d the result is, that impairment of function becomes 



tie evident indication of the concealed cause of the evil. 

 In the inorganic engine of the mechanist, fixity of material 

 • neccM arv to the perfection of the machine, so that 

 when the active stimulus is withheld from it, no alteration 

 in structure ensues, although it ceases from its work ; 

 while in the animal and vegetable organisation, loose 

 chemical affinities and aptitude for continued change are 

 the conditions required in order that it may do its work 

 effectually ; and when the needed stimulus is withheld 

 from it, the necessary and unavoidable derangement of 

 intimate structure is the immediate cause of functional 

 disease; and that derangement may be either so subtle in 

 its nature or slight in its degree, as to be only discovered 

 by the disordered function which it has caused ; or it may 

 be so evident, as to be at once detected and known. And 

 in this difference of degree, and this only, we presume, is 

 to be found the source of the useful but inaccurate and 

 ■ophiloiophical division of the pathologist of structural 

 snd functional diseases. Your correspondent conceives 

 that he disposes of sundry objections to his position, when 

 he admits the agency of the blood as a motive power in 

 animal organs. It is surely more important that he over- 

 looks the fact, that it becomes a motive power only by 

 inducing structural change. We are not quite able to 

 lee, being ourselves perchance but little skilled in the 

 philosophy of harmony, the weight and bearing of the 

 abuse of the poor musical instrument to the question at 

 isiue; but we yet have enough of practical harmony 

 within us to hold the hand of good fellowship to M M. D." 

 while thus differing from him in our views. And we offer 

 to bet him, in good honest English mood, our earliest 

 Rhubarb plant against his best Melon, that the next time 

 ae undertakes, in the routine of practice, to remove a 

 functional disease, he will seek, notwithstanding his 

 avowed theory, to call to his aid some remedy that will 

 apply its energies to the structure of the deranged organ, 

 either by mediate or immediate means ; and, wishing him 

 all the success practically, which theoretically we deem he 

 does not deserve, we beg to remain— Der Gref. 



Durahility of Timber — Your correspondent u P. P." 

 In the Chronicle, p. 150, will find the following passage 

 In Davy's Third Lecture on Agricultural Chemistry, at 

 p. 139 of the 6th Edition, 1839:—*' The woods that con- 

 Urn aromatic oils are remarkable for their indestructibility, 

 and for their exemption from the attacks of insects ; this 

 il particularly the case with the Cedar, Rosewood, and 

 cypress. 1 he gates of Constantinople, which were made 

 or iu?s last wood, stood entire from the time of Constan- 

 ce. <beir founder, to that of Pope Eugene 1V-, a period 



°<"W7<™."-C. J. Lancaster. 



^rianes.^in reply tQ ,. M E/g „ j iries re i ativeto 



2 V\ k SCn f t,on of birds suitable for an Avia T J ' feet °y 



it* g ,ea ? t0 8tat e that I have kept birds for several 



ShT-M J 1 " 7 28 feet lon ft 9 feet wide ' and 12 feet 



reSnn.! i • however > into two parts, for the following 



or ■ ,fr K-n"V° Und that the class of birds named Sylviadre, 

 nlaWt. h j Wcrc not destr "ctive to flowers, trees, or 

 rem,,li i /, occas >onally soiling them, which is easily 

 from tl. .? frec l uent actions, and that their food differed 

 m . thC othcr cla « Fringillida, &c, or hard-billed, which 



hich dry 

 i 0O ,. , i, , . r - numerate 



•ep»r/t e divUion." ^ ' he haWt ° f keepiDg t0Selher in each 



SVtviAD.W. 



*J»a;ntinraie 

 J'ack Cap 



Garden Warmer 



"M*e Sparrow 



5**«ch»t 



JJVmchat 



w heatear 



l' ci WatUil 

 JS Wacr.ii 



Woodl^it 



Titlark 



Skylark 



£<wimon Wren 



«r, H,.V > da88 Fri "»g»HM*, &c., or hard-billed, 



MnnlTS t0 CVery 1Win « P lant ' fend for * hi 



thofe IK u CSS treeser 'e« a* Perches. I will enu, 

 *ciose I have hppn « .u« u.i -. JT, . 



Redbreast 

 Long- tailed Tit. 



Frivoillidjb.I 



Chaffinch 



Goldfinch 



(irceiifinch 



House Sparrow 



I'ree Sparrow 



Bulfinch 



Linnet 



Averdcvine 

 Redpole 



Hawfinch 



Brambiefiuch 



Cmaries 



Twite 



Crossbill 



Blk. headed Bunting 

 Common Bunting 

 Yellow Bunting: 

 Cirl Bunting 

 Missel Thrush 



Fieldfare 



KeUwing 



Song Thrush 



Blackbird 

 Starling 



Large spotted Wood 



pecker 



Green Woodpecker 



Nuthatch 

 Jay 



Lapwing 

 Bar bar y Dove 

 Turtle Dove 

 Wood Pigeon 

 Blue Tit 

 Cole Tit 

 Marsh Tit 

 Water Hen 

 Partridges 



Pheasants 



Quails 



Water Rails, and 

 Kingfishers. 



'Potted Flycatcher 



Should "MP" • i_ r , — • ""■ 



hl PPj to enmn ' •* f . urther in ^roation, I shall be 

 ^effect 2 iTT Mt Wlth him ' bv hi8 ^dressing me to 

 !°^«Pondent wVirTr' S ™9*o*, Abridge. Another 



*«** and about?2 hen U « y ^ m V Ut u* y ° Ur W ' 1 ^ 

 hen « ttealU Y canaries— the cocks rich, and the 



Nonets, J { L wk OU ma y add two or three goldfinches, 



th <* should be In""? c . haffi »<*"> or siskins- but 

 *° m « mule. v V, , ' ,n wnic & case you may have 



* ^ ™*7 on the best canary and rape- 



H««e acceptor, reed spar.ow, and greenfinch. 



seed, three parts to one. Give fresh groundsel, as seedy as 



you can get it. Boil an egg hard, and cut it in two. 



Bread is quite unnecessary, even when you have young 



birds. Fresh clean water in a flower-pan, about seven 



inches over, every day. Your seed may conveniently be 



put into a tin receptacle, called " a witch." No growing 



shrubs or plants can be kept in the aviary ; but thick 



boughs may be fixed up, either with or without boxes or 



baskets, for the nests. To enable them to construct these, 



you cannot supply them with anything better than fine 



sweet hay. If the avihry is open to the sun, you will be 



much better without any additional source of heat. 1 have 



now canaries building in an open aviary. You may add 



skylarks, and the song-thrush; not the blackbird ; but in 



this case you must give hemp-seed and bread-crumbs. 



You may, instead of the seed-birds, put in soft billed 



birds, such as the nightingale, blackcap, whitethroat, &c. ; 



but the two sorts seldom do well together, and the latter 



are much the most precarious and troublesome. These 



observations are the results of some years' experience. — 

 Cory I us. 



Mr. Loudon.— -\ paragraph having appeared in several 

 of the newspapers, stating that above a thousand pounds 

 had been subscribed for poor Mr. Loudon's books, since 

 his much lamented death, many of our friends have sup- 

 posed that Mr. Loudon's family are now free from all 

 pecuniary difficulties. This, however, is far from being 

 the case ; for though it is quite true that the large sum 

 alluded to has been collected (and the greater part of it in 

 the short space of six weeks, since the first advertisement 

 on our behalf appeared in the Gardeners' Chronicle), yet 

 more than half the original debt is still owing, and till the 

 whole of it is paid, Mr. Loudon's family cannot derive the 

 slightest benefit from his copyrights. I am anxious that 

 this should be known, in order that our friends may be 

 aware of the important service they will still do us by 

 ordering copies of poor Mr. Loudon's * w Arboretum," or any 

 of the other works which were his own property ; and I 

 cannot conclude without expressing my warmest gratitude 

 for the kindness we have already experienced. It is, in- 

 deed, only when we are in trouble, that we find how much 

 real goodness there is in the world. — /. IV. Loudon, 

 Bays'i-ater, [We understand that his Royal Highness the 

 Duke of Cambridge has kindly expressed his intentions to 

 become a purchaser of the "Arboretum Britannicum," 

 and that a meeting in behalf of Mrs. Loudon has lately 

 been held in Edinburgh, which promises to be attended 

 with successful results.] 



The Heckfield Melon-pit.-— In this pit, as described and 

 alluded to in former Nos. of this Paper (p. 892, 1843, and 

 p. 54, 1844, ) the front and back walls have been considered 

 as unbroken, and, therefore, as cutting off all direct commu- 

 nication between the linings and the interior of the pit. 

 The effect of the linings was limited, therefore, to heating 

 the cavities in the front and back walls, through which 

 the circulating air was made to pass, and no means of 

 access to the litter within the pit existed, except through 

 the bed on which the plants were growing. It has been 

 thought, therefore, that all the benefits of the original 

 contrivance might be retained, and the inconveniences iu 

 question be removed by building the front and back sup- 

 poitsas detached hollow piers, hating communicating 

 drains at bottom, as shown by the dotted lines, through 

 which the air m*y circulate, as proposed by Mr. Berry. 



LININGS 



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LININGS 



The plan is fully explained in the annexed figare, and it 

 will doubtless be considered as an improvement on the 

 former arrangement. — A. 



Joints of hot. water Pipes. — In our last Number, we 

 recommended the use of old rope-yarn for making these 

 joints. We are since informed that when the rope has 

 been much saturated with tar, this material melts out with 

 the heat, and sometimes leaves the joints imperfect. It is, 

 nevertheless, very much employed ; but new or at least 

 untarred yarn is better, where the permanence of the 

 joints is greatly desired. 



Wash for Fru't- trees. —You constantly recommend 

 that Fruit-trees should be done over with lime as a wash. 

 Nothing can look more frightful than their glaring conspi- 

 cuous trunks on a hot summer's day; and to obviate this 

 dissight I use cow-dung, soot, or wood-ashes, mixed up 

 with urine, the drainage of a dung-mix, or ammonical 

 water from the gas-works, to the consistency of thin paint. 

 This composition appears to me to possess all the advan- 

 tages of the lime, and the trunks of the trees appear less- 

 ened, and altogether much more pleasing to the eye. — 



j. a s. 



Bees — In answer to a ■ Constant Reader," I beg to 

 state that the period of the year when artificial swarming 

 is resorted to, is from the beginning of May to the middle 

 of July, or as soon as the stock-hives are full of Bees. In 

 order to ascertain when hives are ready, it is necessary to 

 blow a little smoke into them, then lift them up and look 





Acacias. 



Elms. 



Poplars. 



Chesnuts. 



Limes. 



Almonds. 



Cyti-us. 

 SorbuH. 



Currants. 



ilollic.o. 



Laburnums. 

 Ash. 



Vii:es. 

 Azalea?. 



Rhododendrons. 



Andromeda*. 



:<almias. 



Mtaca. 



Deutzias. 



Arbutus. 

 Phillyreas. 



Carpganas and 

 R;b^-. 



how many Bees are on the boards. If there should be at 

 many as will fill a 32 or 24-sized flower-pot on each board, 

 it is time to take off swarms. In 99 cases out of 100 the 

 queens run up into the empty hives, but it is advisable to 

 ascertain that they are with the swarms before they are put 

 into the hives, which are prepared with sticks and combs 

 to receive them. The swarms would be drummed into 

 these hives at once, if the sticks and combs did not make 

 it more difficult to see the queens. When swarms are 

 drummed into empty hives the queens are easily seen, for 

 the Bees fall to the crowns of the hives, when they are in- 

 verted, and then run up the sides. If the queens are not 

 seen within the space of two minutes from the time the 

 hives were inverted, the Bees mu>t be put on the crowns 

 of the hives with spoon?. If it happen that a queen has 

 not left the stock-hive, drum her and a few Bees into the 

 sticked-hive, and throw the swarm in beside them. On 

 the 17th or 18th day afterwards, second swarms will issue 

 from the stock-hives, and on the 21st day all the brood, 

 but a few drones, being 24 days in their cells, will be 

 hatched, on the evening of which day all the Bees are 

 drummed into empty hives. Thus we obtain three swarms 

 and a pound's worth of notify at an early season, from 

 every stock-hive. If a pound's worth of honey cannot 

 be thus obtained, it is better not to drum the swarms ou^. 

 Instead of taking the honey out of these hives after the 

 Bees are drummed out of them, it is often more profitable 

 to put them in a garret till September, when two swarms 

 ought to be put into each. The honey is simply squeezed 

 or allowed to drop out of the comb. — A. Pettigrcie. 



Grafting. — As this is the proper time for grafting, I 

 beg to subjoin a list of plants the roo*t difficult to take, 

 but which will invariably succeed, if, in addition to clay- 

 ing, they are moulded up to within a bud of the scion ; 

 to admit of which, the stock must be cut very low, at 

 near the ground as possible, the earth drawu up in a 

 pyramidal form round the plant: — 



Willows. Mistletoe on Apples. 



Licustrums. Cotoneaster on 



Ktionymus. Thorns, &c. 



Chinese Cherries. Roses. 



Pinuses. 



Daphnes. 



Evenrreen Oaks. 



I.oniceras. 



Jasminums. 



Pears on Quinces. 



Pears on Thorns. 



Laurel on Cnerries. 



Mespilus canadensis. 



Pyrus spcctabilis. 



— Union. 



Solandra grand'flora. — Among the many plants that 

 adorn the conservatory with blossoms at this season, few are 

 more showy than is Solandra grandiflora ; and as this plant 

 in many places does not bloom freely, I shall give my method 

 of flowering it : After it attains to the height of from 3 to 

 5 feet, I do not shift it, but it is allowed to remain in as 

 small a pot as it will grow in until the roots become 

 I matted round the outside of the ball ; this, in some mea- 

 sure checking over-luxuriance, without injuring much the 

 con&t ; tutional vigour of the plant, gives it a disposition to 

 bloom. Early in autumn it is kept in a cool situation, 

 and alloweu ^o become perfectly dry, when the leaves will 

 drop cff. About the beginning of November it is intro- 

 duced into heat, and forced gently, supplying it plenti- 

 fully with water when it begins to gro.v. Being thus ex- 

 cited for a short tin e, the plant grows freely and produces 

 blossom-buds on the y^ung wood, and at the end of each 

 shoot, these in January ?nd February, expanding into 

 large Magnolia-like flowers, have a gay and imposing 

 effect. As soon as it has done .Towering, which is gene- 

 rally in March, the shoots are cut back, and the plant, 

 being shifted, is put into heat, and encouraged to grow, 

 stopping the young shoots frequently, to induce it to 

 throw out laterals, and to keep it dwarf. By this treat- 

 ment it very often forms spurs similar to a Pear or 

 Apple-tree, at the ends of which, aft* r allowing the roo:« 

 to become matted in the pot, giving it a rest, and keeping 

 it dry and cool from August till November, blossoms are 

 produced in abundance upon its being put again into heat, 

 and excited into growth.— J. Brown, Whittlebury Lodge 

 Garden, Towcester. 



Ilops.—V"\\\ any scientific reader be kind enough to 

 inform me whether the Hops are a necessary ingredient 

 either for yea^t or for making beer keep? Or are they 

 merely useful for flavouring? Have they really, when 

 thus applied, any antiseptic virtue? If they have, why 

 will not a strong decoction keep for any length of time in 

 a Chemist's shop? If they are of any use in keeping 

 beer, it must be in checking the tendency to fermenta- 

 tion ; and if so, would they not be bet'.er left out in 



making yeast ? — J. B. K. L. 



Miscellaneous. — Nova states that Heath has been long 

 used for edgings in the gardens of the Lord Great 

 Chamberlain, where it is much admired during summer 

 and autumn. In 1840 and 1841 about 1000 yards were 

 laid, and most of the old edging was renewed, the soil was 

 taken out eight inches wide and eight inches deep, and 

 the trench filled up with bog-earth. Into this the heath 



twice in the year it will stand longer. It should be planted 



in spring. A Correspondent states that he lias tried 



Humphreys's compound with success on several Hyacinths 

 this year, and also on several sorts that would not hitherto 

 root in water. This season they have rooted very freely 

 and strongly ; the whole of the blossoms are considerably 

 larger and more beautiful ; the foliage is dwarf and waxy. 



Was inquires if any of our correspondents can 



inform him where he can purchase or see oue of Wild- 

 man's mahogany hives. " M. P. E. suggests that 



