1844] 



THE AGRICULTURAL GAZE 



^m ^ _ -~ J — — " 



— ■" ^frs Sawbridgewortb, Herts, begs to 



fOHN Rn E ^fu'ri.ts in general that the MANGOLD 

 J U S«» }*5S?£lSH TURNIP enumerated beneath are 

 IrritfL Md b Growth »«d can be recommended with con- 

 SS..I h'» oW " f o«. e ,u with yellow skin and yellow flesh. 

 > Tbe /rutm^n .3 5 'it has been since carefully 

 ,p ° r . lt f- Recommended for productiveness and supc 

 •" .nd for its not being so liable 

 E,tSf dark-coloured variet.es. 

 -0 ff* M*npold Wurzel, growir 

 ■•* '^.5 fariBless. with tine to L 

 81 *! Cd uurple-skin ,ed Globe, for thin soil*, 



i 



se- 



— i»po«co «/ "'Trended tor productiveness and superior 



Ud 5 /orTs not beinJ S o /.able to mildew as the Liver- 



Is. per lb. 

 Is. per lb. 

 gd. per lb. 

 2s. per lb. 



anted to insure 



Height" 20 ibs. per bushel), price 14s. per bushel ; 

 Z niixed for any description of soil, varying; in 

 ^ 12 . nerbushil; three bushels per acre reconi- 

 . -ipan tillage, t > be sown at Midsummer, with a 



U^K»D •-■ /-»i ~.>^ Butnfnin nnm cr>ilo 



parole, »0P er,ul 3 „ • 

 \>iluw Swedish Turnip . « 

 Carriage paid to London. 



.. nu*ed with dwarf Clovers, 

 U wn Grasses, rmx e <i *£ ^ hllshelL m 



a «se »*»rd 

 pnee urn 9$. » 



T2u- irfLuecrne, rereunim ww»«., ».— ■— . -« 



J**** «• • trto retentive of moisture. 



ttd^ 101 ,™., of the soil intended to be laid down is given, 

 if s 4te*ript»oii o t ive observation of the various Pasture- 

 j. r. trs*«*. * cuarAt ely and in pasture, upon various soils, to 

 iJ?JTti»Stion to those favouring him with their commands. 



' " t^PARENTS AND GUARDIANS. 



THOS DIXON, Land Surveyor, Agricultural 

 * ..'itkct &c., Darlington, has at present a vacancy for 

 » lilted Youth as an Articled Clerk or Apprentiee.-For 

 \fi£^1 " above.-Darlington, 24th A ril, 1044. 



Z\)i agricultural ffiaytte 



SATUR DAY, APRIL 27, 1844. 



MEETINGS FOR THE TWO FOLLOWING WEEKS. 



f Agricultural Society of England. 

 ttir.KMDAT.Mayl | Highland and Agricultural Society, 



T«ffMn*T, May 8 Agricultural Imp. Soo. of Ireland. 



W tmunrt, May 8 Agricultural Society of England. 

 1*. **!'*»» May9 Agricultural imp. boo of Ireland. 



Aprils (fairford. 



.Aprilao taTWfh. 

 H,, i . HirJMtoa. 



f I«:e of Thanet. 



■•y * • t Rn-hmondahire. 



J Haleiwi>r:h. 

 M *J * • } Stoke Ferry. 



FARMERS' CLUBS. 



May 4 

 May 6 

 May 7 



. Collumptnn. 



fW. Market. 

 .< Yoxlord. 



tW«i Hereford. 

 . Framlingham. 



At page 79 of Mr. Lay ton Cooke's excellent work 

 on the value of land, in the course of remarks upon 

 Valuations on Entry, the following passage 

 occurs:— "In some of the southern counties of Eng- 

 land the aggregate value of tenants' rights ... is fre- 

 quently of serious amount. These valuations recur at 

 every change of occupancy ; the amount is payable by 

 incoming tenants, who, notwithstanding they are 

 reimbursed on quitting, are, during their respective 

 terms, deprived of the use of no inconsiderable portion 

 of the money that should be expended in the cultiva- 

 tion of the land. The valuations alluded to include 

 charges for fallows, half-fallows, dressings, half-dress- 

 ings, leys, fodder, manure," &c. The author then 

 proceeds to say, that if land were better cultivated 

 *here this custom prevails than elsewhere, there would 

 be a reason for preserving it ; but he states that the 

 contrary is the case, a»d that thus the many existing 

 reasons which render it the landowner's interest 

 Jo buy up these tenants' rights, or otherwise terminate 

 wem, are doubly strong. 



Believing Mr. Cooke to hold an erroneous opinion 

 jjpon this important subject, and finding that he rests 

 ms case upon its connection with that other important 

 sunject-on which we have a useful article from a 

 reo *" Respondent in another column— the capital 

 I pon k farmer > w e intend to make a few remarks 



•J^f 8 . of entr y in leases of arable land may be 

 **«ua , n a national point of view, or they may be 



StW M affectil, ^ the interests of the landlord, 

 think th » te nant ; in every point of view, we 



nine of H ment t0 the outgoing tenant of the full 

 maybeshn P ro P er ty in the farm he is leaving 

 wricu *h t0 ,. true ec <> n omy. The fact that some 

 ▼ated bv n P racti ce prevails are badly culti- 



poiicy VjJ° nieans Proves the practice to be bad 

 tn ree thinl Hyf0r the tenant isol,I y one of at least 

 Th «e thrfp Ti * hich 3 ood Agriculture depends, 

 sufficient ca • l in8S are ~ lst * The P oss ession of 

 efficient fo P " ^' Enterprise and intelligence 



^d, 3d SeciJi" p / ofitaDle investment in cultivation ; 



" is *u 8 "inv^ t0 ^r J r T the partv in whose land 

 ao1 *ccomnm • 1 1 s last ma y oe perfect, but if 



10 * sufficient y le other two » M h probably is not 

 re fe, then e?C ^ nt in lhe distri cts to which Mr.Cooke 

 * v "probablv " ence is necessarily but small. We 

 *° me of those r^^ fr ° m a Personal knowledge of 

 P°* n ttoothpr J- ricts » an d partly because we can 

 ^e* eutrv ,., lslricts wh ich are well cultivated where 

 perfect teLri^T *l* cornm °n *« leases, and where 

 >ei 7 end of hi ♦ ten ant, insured by them to the 



Jk^ee by th^ *} emr } c y> is accompanied in greater 

 ha*- •- e ot ner cirpnme»«r,«^ .t u:.t-° 



llndi *onIv onp fl , whlch ,s invested in another's 

 P^ 1 °n a farm V lh ^ ee thin S s which, when they 

 ^ t " ^ ^ 25 a nece ssanly cause its good cultivation, 



(0T if »t be ab^nf , lni P° rlant a * either of the others : 

 *?***> thouch U gFeater the intelligence of the 



in abundance, 

 to be his interest 



to be cautious and parsimonious in its outlay. I 

 This security is sometimes insured to a tenant, 

 though necessarily imperfectly, for it can then only 

 last a lifetime, by the known character of his land- 

 lord ; hence, we sometimes find districts well cul- 

 tivated where leases are unknown ; but where it exists 

 at all, it is more generally insured to him by a condi- 

 tional grant of the lands he occupies for a certain num- 

 ber of years. Upon the natureofthislease, and especially 

 upon its clauses of entry, depends the degree and the 

 duration of the protection which it affords; and while 

 the fact of its being a private business transaction 

 between two parties — a landlord and a tenant — might 

 in some minds forbid our meddling at all in the 

 matter, nevertheless, its important national bearings, 

 iudependently of the desire any competent person may 

 feel to be of use to the agricultural part of the com- 

 munity, are such, we think, as justify us in stating and 

 pressing our opinion on the subject. 



In leases which require the tenant to leave upon the 

 farm, unpaid for, the manure, the straw, and the cul- 

 tivation of the last year of his tenancy, for the benefit 

 of his successor, it is certainly the interest of the 

 farmer, and, as he entered upon the farm under 

 similar circumstances, it is his duty also to himself 

 and to those dependent upon him, so long as he can 

 do it without breaking any of the conditions by which 

 he is bound, to take everything out of the land which 

 he has spent upon it. Under these circumstances, of 

 a 14-years' lease, the first four may be considered 

 years of outlay, during which the farmer is engaged in 

 remedying the faults of his predecessor, and in bring- 

 ingtheland into good cultivation, thusinvesting capital 

 which is to lie dormant during his tenancy ; during 

 the next six the land ought to be yielding well, and 

 repaying this outlay, the tenant being then at the 

 comparatively small annual expense of farming land 

 in good cultivation ; during the last four the land 

 should still be profitable to the tenant, not because of 

 his continued exertions to maintain its fertility, but 

 because he is now, in justice to himself, busily using 

 all the powers which the conditions of his lease leave 

 to him, in making as much money out of the land as he 

 can before he leaves it. He is, in fact, now engaged 

 in recovering all that capital which he had invested 

 during the earlier part of his tenancy, and which had 

 remained dormant during its continuance ; he is doing 

 his best to leave the land in the same state in which 

 he found it. He has no such great interest in growing 

 luxuriant crops either of grain or roots during the last 

 year of his lease, for he is paid fpr neither the 

 straw of the one, nor the manure made from the other, 

 having already bound himself to leave both upon his 

 land without remuneration. 



If, to adopt another system, he were paid the full 

 value of all the produce of the farm,— if lie then 

 expected to make as much of all the produce of his 

 capital during the last year as during the others,— he 

 would have no interest in taking it all out of the land 

 before leaving it. If he were paid a full value for the 

 manure and the straw left on the farm, and for the 

 labour spent in its cultivation for the next crop, all 

 which, besides the marketable commodities of grain, 

 beef, mutton, &c. are the produce of his capital, he 

 would have as great an interest during the latter as he 

 had during the former years of his tenancy, in pre- 

 serving the fertility of the land ; and he would leave 

 it for his successor to enter upon, in a condition to 

 which, under the other system, it would hardly have 

 been brought after four years of unprofitable outlay. 

 The incoming tenant under this system makes all the 

 payments — hands over the amount of his dormant 

 capital — in one sum to his predecessor,while, under the 

 other system, it would have required a period of four 

 years at least for its profitable expenditure ; and he has 

 this great advantage, that with a 14 years' lease he 

 has 14 years during which he reaps the full benefit of 

 his outlay, while under the other, with a lease of the 

 same duration, he would have reaped the full benefit 

 of his outlay during only six of those years, and but 

 a partial benefit during the last four. And how much 

 better than the other is this system to look at it in a 

 national point of view ! The difference between the 

 two in result, is just the difference between two 

 districts, the fertility of the one being maintained 

 and gradually increasing, while that of the other 

 suffers periodical diminutions. Under an arrange- 

 ment requiring the tenant to leave a large part of the 

 produce of the farm unpaid for to his successor, of J 

 every 14 years, supposing that to be the duration of 

 the lease, the central six are highly productive because 

 the land is then in best cultivation, but during the 

 remaining eight its average produce is much dimi- 

 nished, because during one half of them, it is rising 

 from, and during the others, it is falling to the bad state 

 of cultivation in which it is periodically left. It, as 

 it cannot be questioned, the prosperity of a nation 

 depends much upon the amount of its free * agri- 

 cultural produce, then a state of things such as this 



* By free produce we mean that which remains, after so much 

 has been deducted from the gruss produce, as will pay for the 

 expense of producing. 



T T E. 265 



must be nationally injurious — the periodically imper- 

 fect culture of land under such a system must be pro- 

 ductive of great national loss. 



And then, to look upon the subject as a landowner 

 would, it must be apparent that under the one system 

 land would always be offered to a tenant in good 

 heart, instead of, as under the other, out of condition; 

 and instead of suffering a diminished rental from (as 

 Mr. Cooke has it) the unprofitable absorption of a 

 portion of the incoming tenant's capital in the pur- 

 chase of the outgoing tenant's rights, we believe that 

 he would be able to let his land at even a higher rental, 

 because this portion of the farmer's capital, so far 

 from being unprofitable, will yield him a high rate of 

 interest throughout the whole of his tenancy. 



We shall shortly return to this subject, and consider 

 its bearings upon the farmer's capital. 



ON THE FARMER'S CAPITAL. 

 I have no doubt that in Mr. Morton's estimate of a 

 Farmer's Capital he has all the stock his supposed farm 

 will carry, but I much doubt the policy ot consuming 

 all fooil grown upon it, with sheep, thinking a mixture of 

 stock less hazardous, and more healthy, and that a mixture 

 of dung of different kinds of stock lasts longer as manure, 

 and produces better crops. The best kinds of horses may 

 be had at an average of 30/. each ; but with the strength 

 of a dray-hor?e, and the speed of a railroad, I cannot con- 

 ceive one capable of doing the work required of it by 

 Mr. Morton, except on land where one horse is sufficient 

 for one plough. The farmers of the eastern counties 

 would be very glad to learn how to save one-third of their 

 outlay for working cattle, as it would save one-third of 

 their annual consumption of food, and consequently 

 enable them to keep more stock of other kinds. A case 

 which came under my notice as a valuer last Michaelmas, 

 and to the accounts of which I have since had access, 

 will furnish facts as to the value of a Farmer's Capital in 

 my district. The farm contains a few acres under 500, 

 viz., arable 420 acres, wood 10 acres, pasture O'O acres, 

 waste 5 acres. It is all heavy upland, in a good state of 

 cultivation ; the stock and implements very good ; farmed 

 upon the Suffolk four-course system ; and everything upon 

 it was valued on the 6th day of October last, except the 

 corn-crop of 1843, at the following sums, being the actual 

 stock upon a farm not intended to be left, therefore not 

 farmed out. 



To be planted as follows, for 1844. 



Wheat . 120 acres. 



[15 acres sown after root* drawn off November, 1843 j 

 25 acres to be sown down with Rye-grass for feed ; 

 10 acres to be sown with Red Clover.] 



Bailey 80 „ 



Oats . . 10,, 



[55 acres to be sown with Red Clover, White Clover, 

 and Trefoil.] 



Beans and Peas 50 ,, 



[10 acres more than usual, a Clover layer having 

 failed.] 



Red Clover . 30 „ 



White Clover and Trefoil 25 „ 



[This seed sown 1843 was paid for in the Michaelmas 

 valuation.] 



Rye-grass after Wheat 25 „ 



[To be fed for a time; the land then fallowed for 

 Barley. This seed also paid tor by valuation.] 

 Vetches (part sown with winter Oats) . . . . 25 „ 

 [Part to be fed, part mown for horses, and afterwards 

 fallowed for Barley.] 



For Beet and Swedes • . 40 ,, 



White Carrots and Potatoes .....* 5 „ 

 Long Fallow It „ 



420 „ 



Stock— as valued Oct. 6th, 1844. 



Horses — 19 working cattle, 1 rider . jC4^0 



4 cart colts, 1 riding colt . . 85 0—565 



Neat Stock— 11 short-horn cows. • . 140 



8 heifers 82 



2 bulls 30 



8 halt- fat beasts . . . y5 



11 weaned calves . . . 44 0-392 6 



Sheep— 129 Southdown ewes . . . 193 10 



2 Southdown tups . • . 15 



140 Down lambs . . . . 140 0—348 10 



Pigs- 97 (different ages) f7 I J 



Dairy utensils • 33 5 



Implements— 8 waggons . . . . 132 



8 tumbrils . • . . yo 



2 turnip-carts . . . 8 10 



11 swing-ploughs, complete . 25 



2 double Toms and skim plough 2 10 



2 drills 35 



5 rolls 30 



Harness 72 • 



32 siieep and pig-s' troughs . 19 10 



14 Cattle mangers and bins . 6 10 



Chaff-machme, bean-mill, and 

 malt-mill, attached to a horse- 

 power . • • • . 45 



Turnip-cutters . . . • 10 



Cow and bullock ties • .3100 

 Dressing-machines. . . 11 

 Barn tools . . . .250 

 Com chests, forks, rakes, picks, 



mattocks, hoes, and shovels 8 

 Stack and waggon-covers . 10 5 

 Biddell's scarifier and set of 



Grass, cromes . . . 24 

 6 gangs of harrows . .15 

 30 dozen hurdles . . .10 10 

 Wheel, hand, and sack barrows 3 

 Water-but and liquid soil-cart 25 0—594 10 

 Michaelmas valuation on farm *&*<* ,0 _* 



* The Straw, Chaff, and Colder, became the property of the 

 incoming tenant on his entry at Michaelmas, he paying for all 

 threshing and dressing the crop, and carting the corn to the 

 usual place of delivery in the neighbourhood. The outgoing 

 tenant was paid in the valuation for all hay and muck madein 

 the last year, all tillage of fallows; also all draining done in cn<c 

 last year, half the expense of draining where one crop on ir " 

 been taken, for all seeds sown, and the expenses of * oj ins. 

 cultivation of the root-crop by band or h°™«- n ^°£: a 'i: :„ on 

 land upon clean fallows and fallows for roots "J 1 JJ C '^J ™* 

 became the property of the incoming tenant by his paying ior 



its cultivation. 



