268 



THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 



[Apb. 27, 



20 cow*, two dozen of them from Messrs. P. Oberf and 

 Co., Hamburgh, through Mr. George Rahn, 4, Crescent, 

 Minories, London, to whom I have much pleasure in re- 

 commending any gentleman who may feel disposed to do 

 ci I have done. The entire cost to me stands as follows : 



Cost price, 15. 2d. each} Package, Commission, £ s. d. 



fee. fee, Hamburgh 1 11 6 



Duty paid in London on 1 cwt. 26 lbs. of glass, and 



excise 2119 



Agency, Entries, Lighterage, Landing, Porterage, 



Sufferance, Wharfage, &c 18 



Carriage from London to I pswich by 'Orwell' steamer 2 

 Carrier to Wickham Market 1 



4 

 6 

 6 



#8 5 7 



I have had these pans (which all bore the journey without a 

 flaw) in use about a fortnight, and am convinced that they 

 are better than anything else of the kind in use. Clean- 

 liness, coolness, and economy are the three principal re- 

 quisites in a dairy — to which I am much mistaken if these 

 pans will not materially contribute. The cost price at 

 Hamburgh is something more than I was led to expect, 

 and the duty excessively high, — much higher than I calcu- 

 lated upon at the time of sending out the order. One 

 material saving is, that they require no scalding — merely 

 washing in milk-warm water, then rinsing in cold, and 

 set in a rack to dry. A good-sized kettle-full of boiling 

 water from the kitchen-fire is sufficient for my dairy, ex- 

 cept upon churning mornings. — C. Welton. 



Books. — The Lytham Agricultural Society has com- 

 menced what Lord Brougham pointed out 20 years ago, 

 in his practical observations upon the education of the 

 people and their employers, and it is to be hoped that 

 other Societies will adopt the same plan, so that the 

 ploughman and others employed in the working the land, 

 may read and judge for themselves, upon subjects con- 

 nected with their business. At a late ploughing-match, 

 at which prizes were offered by this Society, it was re- 

 solved to present them partly in the form of books, and 

 partly in money. If this example were followed it would 

 undoubtedly be productive of beneficial results. — Facile 

 Rot in Sheep. — There has been some discussion lately 

 between Mr. Grey and Mr. Doyle respecting the foot-rot 

 in sheep, which is a very injurious disease. But there is 

 another malady still more fatal, to which sheep are liable, 

 called the plyce, or rot in the liver. There are various 

 opinions respecting the real cause of both diseases. Most 

 agree, however, that they are originated somehow or other 

 by damp pasturage. The following is an extract from 

 Mr. Brightwell'slecture, taken from the Norwich Mercury^ 

 and which refers to the latter disease : — Mr. B. M alluded 

 to the description of animals found within others, princi- 

 pally those which infect sheep; the fluke and Bandore 

 were among the number, which destroyed thousands of 

 aheep annually. The general impression was that the rot 

 was contained in certain plants. There was a place near 

 Cossey which he said had the name of having the rot, and 

 nobody would buy a sheep, or hare, or other animal which 

 nad^been fed upon it." Mr. B. further observed, " there 

 bad been three trials about the rot question at Wymond- 

 bam, which went before a jury three times, and the great 

 point to determine was, whether the sheep had the rot 

 when first sold, or whether the person who bought them 

 put them in a field where the rot existed." I know 

 several fields, or rather parts of them, at Cosaey, where it 

 is said the rot exists, and they are all damp ; but the 

 question is, in what does it exist ? The general belief is 

 that it exists in a plant called the Rot-weed, and that that 

 plant will affect any animals that graze upon it, even pigs. 

 This, of course, is the same weed mentioned by Mr. 

 Brightwell, and so far the belief may be correct. Sheep 

 may eat the weed while it contains the eggs of insects, 

 whose larvae, being bred in their stomachs, find their way 

 into their livers, and become the plyce or fluke, or in other 

 words, the rot. I cannot say what is the best cure for 

 the disease ; mercury is named, but prevention is better 

 than cure. It may be said, why not root out the weed, 

 and cleanse the land of rot ? It must be borne in mind, 

 however, that the insects may deposit their eggs on other 

 weeds, even the grass, nay, perhaps the sheep themselves, 

 in a similar way as the insects do which cause the batts 

 in horses. There may be something suitable for the 

 insects in damp meadows, hence drainage must be of great 

 nse ; but it may be urged that when animals are kept in 

 bouses and fed upon much green or wet food, they are 

 subject to the rot in the liver — rabbits, for instance, and 

 perhaps theep also. In such cases the insect's eggs may 

 be amongst the food, or else the insects find their way to 

 it. «It is worthy of remark that much green food renders 

 animals' stomachs more fit to ensure the growth of the 

 larvae of insects ; likewise that there are various opinions 

 respecting how " animals are found within others." The 

 •vulgar notion seems to agree with a scientific one, viz., 

 that the eggs or larvae of insects are drunk in water. The 

 ttrongest proof of this I know, is in the relation of the 

 woman at or near Cork, who had larvee of the churchyard 

 beetle in her stomach. By an absurd notion she drank a 

 mixture of water and clay taken from a priest's grave ! 

 1 believe there are doubts whether the larvce within ani- 

 mals ever become insects, or arrive at the pupa state. Id 

 the case just noticed, i think it is said they did so ; if not, 

 that foolish woman must have taken great draughts, at 

 ▼arious times, to produce the vast quantity of larva: which 

 came from her stomach. Although larvae may come from 

 animals' stomachs with the excrements, and afterwards 

 become perfect insects, still I cannot see how they can 

 pass from the liver. Whether my views on the rot in sheep's 

 livers be right or wrong, I am safe in saying that the ani- 

 mals originally belonged to high and dry districts, and 

 the nearer their pasturage comes to that, the less liable 

 they will be to the rot, both in foot and in liver. If the 

 reader happen to know anything respecting the history of 



the insects that produce the " fluke and sandore,' per- 

 haps he will have the goodness to mention it. — J. 



Wigh ton . 



Mixture of Soils. — In many districts there are varieties 

 of land which, by an equitable exchange, make each other 

 productive, without the addition of manure. For instance, 

 sand and clay : neither of these by itself is so fertile as 

 when they are mixed together. All gardeners know the 

 craving nature of a sandy soil, and the almost impossibility 

 of doing anything with clay in its natural state ; yet men 

 are found who obstinately toil on with each separately, 

 when they have both opportunity and facility of bringing 

 them together, thereby saving both present and future 

 outlav. — Falcon. 







Transplanting Swede Turnips. — Though your corres- 

 pondent, *C* G, Sidy/' page 142, has never had the op- 

 portunity of trying the transplanting of the Swede Turnip, 

 he need be under no fear of the result. The Lancashire 

 farmers have found it a plan far superior to sowing the seed 

 on the ground of the future crop, being quite sure of get- 

 ting a full and heavy crop. When they are transplanted 

 it gives more time in preparing the drills where they are 

 to stand, and less time is taken in planting them than in 

 thinning drills where they are sown to stand, and a great 

 saving is effected in the seed. I saw a field last year of 

 four acres, and the seed was sown in the drills; the whole 

 was attacked by the fly and completely destroyed. The 

 owner of them applied to his neighbours for plants, which 

 he got, and it was supposed that it took about a quarter 

 of an acre seed-bed to plant the drills in the four acres. 

 The upper parts of the leaves were cut off before they 

 were planted, to prevent them being shaken by the wind. 

 These plants were planted in the drills where the seed had 

 been sown and destroyed by the fly, and a finer crop was 

 never produced than grew from them. — M. S. G. 



Guano. — Having prepared the accompanying directions 

 for using Guano, for the information of Sir Charles 

 Lemon's tenantry, it occurs to me that it might be made 

 serviceable to others by publication. L It should never 

 be applied in contact with seeds, as it kills them imme- 

 diately they begin to vegetate. — 2. It should be mixed as 

 equally as possible, with about four times its bulk of finely 

 pulverised earth, burnt clay, turf, or peat-ashes, after they 

 have become cold. If sand is used, about twice its bulk 

 will be sufficient. — 3. The quantity per acre may vary from 

 two to four cwt., according to the nature and quality of 

 the land. Recent experiments have shown that a quantity 

 which proved highly beneficial in poor soil, became dele- 

 terious upon land previously rich and well manured. — 

 4. The best time for applying it is shortly after vegetation 

 has commenced, and immediately before rain, or during 

 damp warm weather. — 5. The best mode of application is, 

 to divide the quantity per acre into two or three equal 

 portions, and sow them broadcast at intervals of about ten 

 days, or a fortnight. — 6. For small allotments it may be 

 more convenient to use it in a liquid state — in which case, 

 mix 4 lbs. of guano with 12 gallons of water, and let it 

 stand for 24 hours before being used. The same guano 

 will do for mixing again with the same quantity of water, 

 after the first is drawn off. — W. B. Booth, Carclew. 



Dibbling Beet. — I have had garden Beet dibbled, 

 and it has answered well. I should decidedly follow the 

 system myself. I purchased last autumn from a person 

 who had a small allotment, a quantity of field Beet ; part 

 had been sown, part was dibbled, being the thinnings of 

 some person's seed-plants. He informed me that the 

 weight of the latter per rod was large, although the roots 

 were not all approaching in size to the seedling plants.— 

 Toby. 



Carrots and Guano. — One of your subscribers asks 

 about guano being a good manure for Carrots. It is good 

 for everything if properly used, but no seed is more easily 

 killed by it than that of the Carrot. The guano must be 

 well worked into the soil to render it safe.— Jr. D.F. 



Ware, Samuel, 34. Portl 



£ 



octettes. 



ROYALAGRICULTURALSOCIETYofENGIAND. 

 A weekly council was held at the Society's house, 

 in Hanover-square, on Wednesday last, the 24th of April' 

 present, His Grace the Duke or" Richmond, K.G , in the 

 chair, Lord Carew, Hon. G. H. Cavendish, M.P., D 

 Barclay. Esq., M.P., T. R. Barker, Esq., J. R. Barker, 

 Esq., W. R. Browne, Esq., E. Boiler, Esq., M.P., Rev. 

 T. Cator, H. Colman, Esq., E. D. Davenport, Esq., J 

 E. Denison, Esq., M.P., Capt. Forbes, R.N., H. Gibbs,' 

 Esq., B. Gibbs, Esq., H. I. Grant, Esq., C. Hillyard, 

 Esq., Rev. E. C. Keene, F. Manning, Esq., A. Ogilvie, 

 Esq., H. Price, Esq., Prof. Sewell, H. B. Simpson, Esq., 

 J. S. Stanhope, Esq., W. R. C. Stansfield, Esq., M P. 

 Rev. T. S. Turnbull, T. Tweed. Esq., and H? Wilson, 

 Esq. J. Mott, Esq., of Portswood Lodge, Southampton, 

 was elected a Governor, and the following gentlemen 

 members of the Society : — 



Woodward, Thomas, Wickstreet, Hailsham, Sussex. 

 Deverell, John, Purbrook Park, Portsmouth. 

 James, Edward, Banoch Lodge, Carlisle. 

 Gearing, Thomas, Brown-Condover, Alresford, Hants 

 Stubbs, Henry, R pley, Alresford, Hants. 

 Pellatt, Apsley. Knowle Green, Staines, Middlesex 

 Vosar, Rev. Thomas S. L.. Vicar of Walburton. Arundel, Sussex. 

 Warner, James, Jun., Curdridge, Botley, Southampton. 

 Godrich, Thomas. Netley Grange, Southampton. 

 Harding, James, Upton-Scudamo.-e, Warminster, Wilts. 

 Parker, Kenyon S., Q.C., 13, New-s-quare, Lincoln's Inn. 

 Godsal, Philip William, Iscoyd Park, Whitchurch. Shropshire. 

 Cretney, Thomas. Hampton- Wick, Middlesex. 

 Collins, Francis, Savernake Forest, Marlborough, Wilts. 

 Lowe, John, Birmingham. 



Atty, James, Pcnley Hall, Eltesmere, Shropshire. 

 Plowman, Robert, Beck Farm, Beaulieu, Southampton. 

 Mott, John, Jun., Portswood Lodge, Southampton. 

 Winchester, Marquess of, Amport House, Andover, Hants. 

 Hendy, James, (President of the Cornwall Agricultural Associa- 

 tion,) Trethurffe, Truro, Cornwall. 



Warner, James, Harefields, Bishop's-Waltham rr« * 

 Saunders, William, Cranbourne Farm, Sutto.T'wwwl 5 ' * 

 Willsher. Robert, Hurstgreen, Lamberhurst Sussex ^ 



The names of 21 candidates for election at the n 

 meeting were then read. uc next 



Eye Draining-tiles.— Mr. Wilson, of Stn«.i 

 Hall, near Ixworth, Suffolk, presented a ! specimen , $£ 



in under-drains, and mtrf . .? 



files used for the 



"eyes" 



Woolpit, in Suffolk ; along with the two bottoms on Jk-V 

 the tile is intended to rest. This tile is nearly a foot J 

 a half long, and 6 inches high, having at one end tie 

 mon shape in its transverse section of the capital leu° r 

 turned downwards, with a middle interior width oft 



the aperture, being reduced to a vertical slit, six inchei 

 high by three quarters of an inch wide, all rabbits rati! 

 and other animals too large to pass through the openin* 

 would be kept out of the drains, and injury from their 

 operations thus prevented. 



Model Experiment — Mr. Barclay, M.P., reported 

 to the Council the progress made at the last meeting m 

 arranging the plan of the model experiment proposed br 

 Mr. Miles for trial by such Members of the Society aj 

 could conveniently join in it. An interesting discussion 

 then ensued, in reference to results obtained in the use of 

 guano and farm-yard manure. The Rev. Thomas Cator 

 of Skelbrooke Park, near Doncaster, had found an 

 application of 300 lbs. of guano per acre to a Potato- 

 crop, strewed upon the ground when they were ready 

 for earthing, equivalent to 18 loads of fold manure 

 applied in the usual way ; and having last year manured 

 a Bean crop with guano, pigeon-dung, rape-dust, and 

 fold-manure, he found now the Wheat had come up this 

 spring, a decided evidence of the superiority of gunno, on 

 the five lands of the Bean-field to which that manure had 

 been applied : — he considered it as one of the cheapest 

 hand-tillages, while the fold-manure was most advantage- 

 ously reserved for the Grass and Clover crops.— Mr. 

 Davenport, of Capesthorne, Cheshire, regarded guano as 

 one of the most valuable manures, having now bad three 

 or four years' experience of its use ; and he consi- 

 dered, in general,' that '3 cwt. of guaDO was equal to 20 

 tons of farm-yard manure. He spoke of the guano in iti 

 unadulterated state, as imported. His own supply had 

 been of the Peruvian guano, furnished to him by Mr. 

 Myers, of Liverpool, at 10/. per ton. He believed that 

 the African guano was substantially the same in its general 

 character, but that it contained 25 per cent, of water, 

 while the Peruvian contained only 10 per cent.; and 

 assuming the Peruvian variety as 10/. per too, Mr. Ber- 

 nays had stated the relative value of the African guano 

 to be as 11. per ton. Notwithstanding the immense 

 quantities already sold in this country, Mr. Myers had 

 informed him that he had at present orders for 3000 tons, 

 which he was unable to supply. The hardest samples 

 are the best ; and as it was known to be frequently adul- 

 terated with one-third of an inferior quality, it was most 

 advisable to purchase it from a direct importer of the 

 article, and in the original packages. His practice was 

 to apply a mixture of half a ton of finely-worked bones 

 and 2 cwt. of guano, per acre, to a crop of Potatoes or 

 Turnips. He recommended powdered gypsum to be 

 scattered by handfuls in the farm and stable-yards, and 

 mixed with the straw and liquid manure ; or should that 

 not be done, then to put layers of it in the manure-heap 

 every three or four feet: by means of this proceeding toe 

 ammonia, instead of escaping into the air in the state of 

 gas, was retained by pypsum. By these new systems ot 

 manuring, he was quite sure the same results could ,.P* 

 obtained at one-quarter the former expense.— Mr. Hill- 

 yard, of Thorpeland, near Northampton, would engage in 



mless they were susceptible oi 



no trial of new manures un 



being brought into general farming use, and the experi- 

 ments made after a white-straw Corn-crop.— Mr. uiOM 

 thought that it was desirable to make the trial after 

 white Grain-crop, whenever the given weight of to 

 Turnips was the point to be ascertained.— Mr. ^rciay, 

 Mr. Hillyard, and the Rev. Thomas Cator, then agreed 

 to undertake the trial of the model experiment propose , 

 and under such conditions as might hereafter be nn ; 



Twxd Horse Teams—Too Duke of W^-J 

 having called the attention of the Council to the dine 

 of opinion prevalent on the subject of the empi 

 of oxen in ploughing, thought it would be an' 

 topic of inquiry to be instituted by such of the m 

 residing in different counties, as would undertab. e b ^ 

 for the Journal Committee, actual facts and »» 

 trial and experience in their use, under different ^ ^ 



stances, both as to the difference of expense, 

 amount of work performed. An interes ting < a ■ ^ 

 then took place on. the comparative advantage ^ 

 employment of horses and oxen in /j™ 1 "* *?. ' M .p., 

 the Council resolved, on the motion of Mr. u. »" ^ 

 that the following gentlemen should be f e * ue& ~* icat j 03 s 

 inquiries on this subject, and report th«r comma ^ 

 to the Journal Committee :—Col. Challoner,n. 



shard, Esq., Rev. T. Cator, C. BlUyirfj^fe^ 

 Browne, Esq. The following are the principal p 

 which their attention is directed :— wl 



1. The age and breed of both horses and ok 

 the time at which they were first put to wor- ^. 



2. The working condition of the horses farm . and 

 whether regularly employed onthestm re f 

 for what period : with a statement oi "»> 



the soil * , , mJ or field, •* 



3. The amount of work, whether on ™aa ^ 



each pair of horses and oxen ; together mw 



itb 



