280 



THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 



[May 4, 



troublesome at this season, getting into the hearts ; examine them 

 daiiv, and remove the insects with a camel hair-brush. Polyan- 

 thus** require some attention just now, shading, watering, &c ; 

 watch seedling plants, as the blooms pass through their various 

 stages of development and decay ; and observe whether the lace 

 or ed"e keeps its colour (which ought to be similar to the centre) 

 to the last. This is an essential property, often overlooked by 

 young beginners. Ranunculuses.— Many people are watering, 

 a practice I would not recommend (if the beds are properly 

 made ), as, I am persuaded, it has at the present time, an inju- 

 rious tendency. Top-dressing with very rotten cow-manure is 

 far more beneficial. Tulips.— Some genial showers would be 

 most acceptable to these splendid flowers. In addition to the 

 heavy complaints of the number of bulbs which do not flower, 

 there are a greater proportion of buds with distorted petals than 

 usual, both attributable to the injury they sustained from the 

 spring frosts of 1843. few collections having escaped. Keep 

 the beds free from weeds, and as soon as the buds get sufficiently 

 forward, let the top cloths of the '* shed" be put on. Carnations. 

 —Cultivators will suffer this spring, who have layers in late, it 

 being more unfavourable than usual. Where the soil has not 

 been well examined, the Florist will often have the mortification 

 of finding his layers gone "past redemption," and on pulling 

 them up, he finds a wire-worm at the root. Layers in pots re- 

 quire well attending to with water, &c. Pink-beds ought to be 

 surface-dressed, in the way recommended for Ranunculuses. 

 Reduce the number of shoots for blooming, according to the 

 strength of the plants, and put small neat sticks to those which 



are retained.— J. F. W. 



1V.-PINERIES, VINERIES, &c. 



Pineries.— It is scarcely possible to keep the atmosphere of the 

 fruiting- pit moist enough during this fine weather. Slight 

 Bhading during the hottest part of the day will enable the giving 

 ■ «f front air to be dispensed with. It is not desirable to give front 

 •ir if it can be avoided, as it produces a current towards the back 

 apertures, which acts injuriously on the foliage of the plants. 

 ♦Liquid manure may be administered freely this clear weather, 

 whenever the plants are dry ; but it should not be given in a 

 muddy state. For successions, see former Calendars. 



Vineries.- When young Vines, bearing their first or second 

 crop, have reached the top of the rafters, stop the leading 

 ■boor, and continue to stop the laterals till the fruit w fully 

 swelled. Now is the best time in the year for planting out Vines 

 in a new border, as thev do best if growing freely at the time of 

 planting out. II the border was made in the winter, it should 

 be fresh turned up. If, after planting, the roots are covered with 

 a little warm litter, they will receive no check from turning out, 

 but advance so rapidly, that they will be sufficiently strong to 

 bear next year. We have here two Vineries in which the Vines 

 •were so treated last year, and this season there 1 was an average 

 of 16 "shows" to each Vine; which number, however, was re- 

 duced to 5 or 6. The Vines are remarkably strong, and the 

 bunches promise to be very large. 



Peach-house.-Give plenty of air to Peach-trees when the fruit 



begins to change colour, and keep a low temperature, in order 



to prolong as much as possible the time of maturation of the fruit. 



Fir- house.— Keep the syringe in use as much as possible. It 



is only for a few davs, while the fruit is ripening, that syringing 



is injurious ; and it need not be discontinued long. The foliage 



of the Fig continues a long time on the plant; it is therefore 



more necessary that it should be kept clear of insects. A little 



additional attention will be amply repaid by the trees continuing 



productive till October. Plants which are confined at the roots 



will require liquid manure, if they are bearing Ireely, and the 



wood is short-jointed. Where this is not the case, clear water 



will be better. 



M-lotu.— Look well to the thinning out of laterals and small 

 sickly leaves from the origin of the branches. It is upon the 

 latter that insects generally make their first appearance.— G. F. 



V.— HARDY FRUIT AND KITCHEN-GARDEN. 



Where water is a scarce commodity many shifts must be re- 

 sorted to in this dry weather. The best substitute for heavy 

 watering is to mulch with short grass, between the rows of ad- 

 vancing crops. This will save much time and labour, even 

 -where water is plentiful, and the utility of the measure may form 

 an extenuat'ng plea to those who delight in finely-raked borders. 

 "When this keeping the water in the ground system cannot be 

 adopted for want of materials, the next best method is to keep 

 the surface of the ground well and often stirred. Simple as the 

 operation of watering is, few things are worse performed. One 

 ^ood watering that will saturate the soil, provided the surface is 

 mulched or stirred afterwards, is worth a hundred mere sprink- 

 lings, because the one watering will often be sufficieut, while the 

 many waterings are generally prejudicial. In the one ca<e the 

 roots are discouraged irom coming to the surface; the dryness 

 of that surface prevents rapid evaporation of moisture from 

 below, and the roots are therefore enabled to absorb freely to 

 supply the exhaling foliage. In the other case, surface-roots are 

 for a time encouraged, but are speedily checked, as the sun 

 quickly causes the moisture of the surface watering to evaporate ; 

 that watering had previously stopped for a time the capillary 

 action of moisture in the soil ; the energies of the lower roots 

 of the plants have consequently become relaxed, and before they 

 can again be roused into activity the plant droops and often dies. 



Sow Peas, Garden Beans, and Kidney Beans, for succession ; 

 Scarlet Runners for the main crop, giving the drills a good soak- 

 ing, and covering on the top with dry soil. Transplanting.— The 

 only thing that can be done is to prick out Cauliflower, Lettuce, 

 tec. on beds of light soil, with rotten dung beneath, so that they 

 may be moved with balls when favourable weather arrives.— R. F. 



VI.— ARBORICULTURE. 



Old Woods.— The time for commencing to fell and peel Oak, or 

 other trees, should be carefully attended to. Try frequently on 

 some tree, to ascertain when the bark separates freely from the 

 wood, in order that the best part of the season for such opera- 

 tions may not be lost. It would be very beneficial to plaster over 

 the cut part of the stools or young trees that are felled, with fresh 

 cowdung, or at least round the outside edges, to prevent the bark 

 separating from the wood by the action of the sun and wind. 



Coppice.— Where the felling of poles or other trees to be peeled 

 is to be done this season, the foregoing remarks are applicable, 

 when a strong vigorous succession of young coppice wood is 



desired. 



Young Plantations.— Now is the best season to train young 

 trees. Thin out some of the strongest side-branches where they 

 are too numerous ; take some close off, and shorten others, 

 according to directions formerly given. 



Nursery Work.— The dry sunny weather and frosty nights have 

 been very trying to newly-planted seedlings and trees of all sizes 

 and kinds ; if, therefore, the precautions and directions so 

 repeatedly given have not been strictly practised, many failures 

 may be expected. — I V. B. 



State of the Weather near London for the week ending May 2, 1844, at 



observed at the Horticultural Garden, Chitwick. 



State of the Weather at Chiiwick during the lait 18 yean, for the entuing 



Week ending Mar 11,1844. 



Mar J 



Sun. 5 

 Mon. <5 

 Tues. 7 

 Wed. 8 

 Thur. 9 

 Fri. 10 

 Sat. 11 



Arer. 



Highest 



Temp. 



Aver. 



Lowest 



Temp. 



No. of 

 Mean! Years in 



Temp 



6*37 



43.7 



635 



41.9 



65.2 



4J-0 



64* 



42.5 



61.8 



40.8 



62.0 



39.3 



63.9 



41.3 



53.7 

 52.3 

 53.6 



5J.3 



51.3 

 50.7 

 52.3 



which it 

 Rained. 



Greatest - 

 quantity ' . IS 

 of Rain, fc j£ 



Prerailinff Winda 







12 

 8 



4 



7 



7 

 3 



7 



0.26 in- 



023 



0.45 



057 

 0.60 

 0.10 

 0.26 



difference. E. T. 0.— Epidendrum leiobulbon We thi . 



if not, the true name will bs given next week j # jj_* 



n»t» ; 



Main 



The highest temperature during the above period occurred on the 6th, 1830 

 —therm. 81<> ; and the lowest on the 6th, 1831— therm. 28°. 



April 



Fri. 

 Sat. 27 

 Sun. 28 

 Won, 29 

 Toea- 30 

 May * 

 Thurs. 2 



Moon's 

 Affe. 



8 



9 

 10 



11 

 12 

 13 



o • 





Average 





Barumktkr. 



Thkrmoxrtkr. 



Wind. 



Rain. 



Alaa. 

 30.080 

 30.284 



90.AM 



30.280 



30.*77 

 30.4*9 



30. 43 m 



Miii. 

 29.967 

 80.908 

 30 300 

 30.199 

 30.2-43 

 30.36* 

 30.336 



Max. i Min. 



Mean. 

 58 

 46.5 

 480 



M»0 



51.5 



63.5 



■ 





■ fi rm ^n • r 



72 



61 



M 



66 



«J 



70 



71 



45 



30 

 38 



37 

 38 

 30 



N.E. 

 N. 



N.E. 

 E. 

 B. 



E. 

 E. 



03 



30.321 I 



80.230 



679 



36. * 



52.0 





1 .03~ 



April 96 

 87 

 28 

 29 



30 



Mar l 



I 



Verr fine ; dry air, with .light haze ; tllflht rata 



Exceedingly clear and dry throughout ; clear and cool 

 Slilfht frost early A.M. ; dear ; fine with some white cloud. 

 Fine ; clouds and dry haze ; cloudy and fine 



Dry ha*e; clear blue sky, and excessively dry air ; clear and fine 

 Slight haze; excessively dry ; clear and fine 

 Cloudless; very dry throughout ; clear arid «"« 



Mean temperature of the week, * deg. above the average. 



Notices to Correspondents. 



Auriculas.— R. A.-Yery little sun is necessary for ripening the 

 seeds of the Auricula; let them have plenty of air ; a north 

 border is a good situation. The seed will be ripe the begin- 

 ning of August; it should be sown in February, in soil com- 

 posed of bog, loam, and cow-manure three years old.« 



Books.— McL. -De Candolle's " Prodromus" is in Latin. 



Burchellia cavgksis. -Inquirer. —I am aware of the scarcity 

 of this ; but if there was a demand for it as a stock for 

 the Luculia, nurserymen could supply it under 10s. a dozen. 

 The readiest way to propagate it is by cuttings of the roots and 

 by seeds, which may be had from the Cape in any quantity. 

 They grow best in very sandy loam and leaf-mould. Gardeners 

 generally complain of their Burchellias growing too fast, and 

 . like the Luculia it requires close pruning to keep it in gooa 



CAMKLM7s.-i Subscriber.-Yon may cut down these and place 



them in a pit upon a damp bottom. They should be kept 



rather close until they have made their wood. The roots may 



be reduced in August ; and not when the plants are cut down.* 



Chinese Dwarfs.— E. C— Thanks ; but pray send us a leaf, that 



we may be sure there is no mistake. 

 Country Shows.-A Scotchman writes to inform us that his 

 Scotch blood Is up at an observation made at the end of a 

 report on the Forres Society, published by us last year; he 

 says that the said report "has caused an ill-feeling to arise 

 among individuals, to the total disruption of the Society ; and 

 he demands an explanation. The paragraph which has ex- 

 ploded among the good people of Forres is the following :- 

 '• This is taken from a printed copy with which we have been 

 supplied ; but we give up in despair the correction of the 

 blunders in the names." To prove that our statement is un- 

 founded, our correspondent adds a printed report of the Show 

 as published in some Northern Paper. In this report there is 

 certainly not error enough to justify our censure, and if it had 

 been sent us instead of that which we received, it would have 

 passed without remark. We can only recommend our hot- 

 blooded friend to take care in future that the right reports are 

 furnished us; what we did receive was most discreditable 

 either to the education of the person that copied it, or to the 

 care of the printer who set it up. If «* A Scotchman" will look to 

 that part of our report in which the plants from Cluny Cottage 

 are mentioned, he will see that the printed copy now sent us 

 could not be the one to which we alluded ; lor at that part Ori- 

 ganum Dictamnus is introduced, which is not mentioned in A 

 Scotchman's" report. We have made this rather long explana- 

 tion in justice to those who have possibly been blamed for the 

 blunders of other people, and because we do not know our 

 correspondent's address. As to the Members of the Forres 

 Society having quarrelled with each other about our 

 half dozen words of censure, we cannot do them the injustice 

 to suppose such a thing possible. 

 CTPRiPBuioMS.-il. H.-C. spectabile is well known to be quite 

 hardy ; so is C. pubescens. It is occasionally imported from 

 Canada. All such things are rare, and difficult to procure 

 . when one wants them. 



Diskases.— E. T. 0.— There can scarcely be a doubt that your 

 Portugal Laurels have got their roots into soil of bad quality ; 

 either undrained, or otherwise unsuitable. No insect is at 

 work. But consider whether this is not possible, notwith- 

 standing the healthiness of others near them. 

 Garde v Pots.— 5. R. P. S.— There is no restriction as to what 

 the size of pots may be in which plants are exhibited at the 

 Garden of the Horticultural Society of London, except those in 

 which Pelargoniums and Calceolarias are grown. The list 

 given at p. 233 of last year's Chronicle will afford every informa- 

 tion respecting sizes. They are measured from the outside § 

 Grass-seeds.— C. T. A.— We recommend for an acre of lawn on 

 a light soil the following:— Cynosurus cristatus, 6 lbs.; An- 

 thoxanthum odoratum, k lb. ; Aveoa flavescens, 1 lb. ; Festuca 

 duriuscula, 2 lbs.; F. oviua, lib.; F. pratensis, 2 lbs.; Loliuin 

 perenne, 10 lbs.; Phleum pratense, 1 lb.; Poa nemoralis sem- 

 pervirens, 2$ lbs.; P. trivialis, li lb.; Lotus corniculatus, 

 Alb.; Medicago lupulina, lib.; White Clover, 10 lbs. Asa 

 manure, nothing will beat Liquid Guano for such a place, 

 especially if you add muriate of lime at the rate of \ cwt. per 



acrci 

 Hkatino.— ilfricArton asks for information about the "Olmstead 



Stove." Can anv one give it? We do not know the stove. 

 Holliks.— A. S.— We never heard that the best way to get up a 



stock of common Holly is to stick the cuttings eacli into a 



Potato, and to plant them at a proper depth ; and we doubt 



the fact. 



Hvacinths.— G. S. W.— You are correct in stating that from the 

 commencement of the flowers to the topmost bell the stem 

 should be hidden in a finely-blown specimen; the other matter 

 in dispute, we of course cannot judge of. Double flowers 

 should compete with double, and single with single : it was 

 an error to mix them together.* 



Hydrangeas.— F. W.— Your plants, in the open air, require 

 exposure to sun and deluges of water in summer, and good 

 matting up in winter. If the old wood be killed, the young 

 shoots will flower notwithstanding. We shouid f not expect 



them to bloom on a north border. 



I.vskcts.— B. Chilo.— The beetles attacking your Swedes are 

 the Turnip fly (Altica neraorum). You will find their history, 

 and the best means of destroying them in the Journal of 



the Royal Agricultural Society, vol.ii.p. IQ3.—R X. Y. Z. 



— Your Larch trees are infested with a species of Aphis, called 

 Adelges Laricis, I believe. To suggest a remedy is impossible. 



_/?. H. K.— The Beetles eating your Rose-leaves are the 



Otiorhynchus tenebricosus, a Weevil, which you will find 

 described in the Gardeners 9 Chronicle, vol. ii. p. 316. — R. 



Manures. — /. K. — Cow-dung is the best manure for Rhododen- 

 drons. We have had no experience with guano for them.t 



H. D. — Neither sample is at all like the superphosphate of 

 Mr. Lawes; whether or not they contain phosphoric acid is a 

 question that must be ascertained by analysis, which we can- 

 not undertake. No. 2 is more like pitch. 



Mistletoe.—//. B.— Your ripe berries may be used now. They 

 will grow freely on the Apple-tree. Make an incision in the 

 bark and insert a berry or two; then tie a little damp Moss 

 over them ; they like to be kept rather moist until they begin 

 to grow.* 



Names op Fruits. — Thomas Lang. — Winter Pearmain. H 



Names of Plants.— G. O.B.— Pinus Pinaster, Pyrus spectabilis. 



A Subscriber .— Blechnum occidental, Pteris serrulata.§— 



//. T. — Yellow Banksian Rose. Barry.— It appears to be 



either Iris pumila, or the yellow variety of it ; but the flower 



has lost all its colour and shapef T. Damson. — Hakea sa- 



ligna ; neither from the Cape nor the Mauritius, but from New 



Holland. B. T. 5.— Your two species of Melittis are undis- 



tinguishable, either because they were smashed in the letter-bug 



or because they are alike. J. 3/.— Carex caespitosa. J. S. 



— How does your Ranunculus differ from bulbosus? It cer- 

 tainly has much paler flowers than usu il, but we bee no further 



Grevillea sericea; 2 Templetonia retusa: 9 Mimosa mare* 

 4 not in flower; 5 Hovea purpurea; 6 a Smiiax- 7j 

 Munroana; 8 Erica recurvata. ' 



Peach-trees.— Omikron.— We think we can explain the eta* 



of your misfortunes, and will endeavour to do so next w^k 

 Pelargoniums.— Winton— Your case is very vexatious. w ea L 

 as much in the dark as ever about the spot-disease of the* 

 plants, unless it is cold and over-watering. We will pabS 

 your case next week, and so revive the question. 

 Petunia Punctata.— W. 3/.— The bloom received of this varies 

 agrees with the favourable opinion expressed of it U 2 

 autumn of last year. m 



roses.— Limerick. -Beauty of Billiard will strike from cottito. 

 but it is more easily increased by layers. Lelieur MhkesftS 

 from cuttings. They may be put in as soon as the yo^i 



wood is ripe enough, t /. A\— Give your plants plentyj 



manure. Probably the best would be compost of Guano mt 

 six parts or less of cow-dung. Any Roses will grow on yoar 

 bad soil if richly manured; without manure none willthrife. 

 Farmyard manure may be substituted for cow-dung; butwt 

 prefer the latter. 

 Trees.— S. IF.— A tree begins to grow when the buds begin to 

 swell ; in other words, a tree makes woody fibre as soon a* the 

 buds are observed swelling. You may easily satisfy yourself 

 of that by watching the common Lilac. A Subscriber will 



find his advantage in dusting his seeds well with superphos- 

 phate of lime: caustic lime has also been found useful. 

 Verbenas.— J. C. F.— Bridesmaid, light-blue lilac; Burleyana, 

 pink; Speciosa, orange; Boule de feu, vivid scarlet; Howard- 

 iana, pink; Prince of Wales, flesh-colour; Conaiiicua, light 

 purple; the other three we are not acquainted with] they 

 most probably are new.* 

 Vines.— il Subscriber.— It is quite unnecessary for Grapes to be 

 exposed to the sun ; all that is required is that the leaven o( » 

 Vine should be so exposed, and that most fully. Nature nuks 

 the bunch of Grapes hang down, and overshadows it vhk 



leaves. Why should we oppose her will? An Old Subscriber. 



—Since other plans of stopping the bleeding of the Vine hi, 

 we advise you to try Sir John Sebright'* Cement, which cod. 

 sists of four parts rosin, one part bees- wax, and one part fine 

 brick dust, melted and well mixed together. This will stop 



bleeding in Vines and other plants. Beta.— Most nndoutt* 



edly you may remove your Vines with safety, by adopting such 

 nieans as you describe; and at such time. Cover the roots 



welt with lit er for the first winter. T. //.—Four sorts for 



an early Vinery may be, the Black Hamburgh, Black Prince, 

 White Sweetwater, and Royal Muscadine. A south aspect.1 



K. L.—As you can give no air at top, the extremities of 



your Vine-shoots have, in all probability, been checked in con- 

 sequence of t<>o high a temperature, alternating with cold, to 

 which they will be liable, owing to their position close to the 

 glass You must prevent their contact with the latter.l 

 MiscBLLANKOUs.-Zea/ows.— We do not know the Botanical 



name of the New Zealand Stinging Nettle. F. W. C- 



Without seeing your Cucumber- bed it is impossible to be poti- 

 tive as to the disease of your leaf. It is. however, probablf 



If Vou water" your plants largely, and do not enable them to 

 relieve themselves from it by exposure to sunlight, they are 

 likely enough to be thus affected— J. £.-Take commoa 

 -oil varnish,- such as is employed for in-aoor work b> the 

 paper-hangers and painters. Thanks for charco al.— tyro.- 

 Doable flowers will produce seeds whenever afew8Ume.i.aod 

 a style or two are untransformed-e. g. 9 R ^ ses ;"^" dn/pe ' 



We will do what you su-gest. W. H. 0.-W6 M* 



perience about manure lor Chic >ry ; but *#^™=Z or 

 of farmyard manure, try guano mixed wiih.sw t. or peat or 



e no ex- 

 absence 



cind^iftfn'*..-- Sim P lex.-Vte thank jou much for yoor 

 hint, and will look to it. Bat we do not i e th ejroa a 

 your complain. Would it be .mngyou ** « ^ r _ 



you to be more explicit? W. /.—mere i»u • :, ut 



ence between the Trop«olnms you mention. .The one^ i 



as good as Mother.*— 9. *^»K£££im •«£* 



Pray send your paper on Potting;. 4S«« rV uts may be 



answer your inquiry about the place where Pwc P«aw 

 bought. We never name sellers. 



Calceolarias. 

 your seedling 



SEEDLING FLORISTS' FLOWERS^ la 



n p O —There is nothing u» co »»" 



:Tu vfry Snail and the out.ine at the bottom 



of the flower'too much indented.* „ rnIind w ith crimson 



Cinerarias- J. D. F.-Light msk, white ground \* ^ § 



purple picotee tip: the flower is .a good xhape • dlinff 



desirable variety in this class * B, '/^ Qm l variety.*— 



rich purple with black eye is a nne and hjnd « t „ m 



Anon-ln both varieties the petals ar J ^ equai 



Fuchsia.-D. C.-Neither in size nor co '^/ly ur seedling 



to many of the new varieties.* .f^*""*" w , and have » 



Fuchsia wants brightness; the sepals are £™ \ M M rto*; 

 faded appearance; the divisions of the corolla i* ^ ^. 

 they unfold, and are poor in colour.* — ■-•>■ «•• r t0 e x- 



meus you have sent of Pondii, the sepaU do nojj*^ and 



paTd sufficiently "; in other respects it is a 

 richly-coloured flower.* 

 Mimulus 



large, 



but a* 



inreu uuwci.- . „ nn A flower, 



» ft _ Vmir seedling is a goott nuwci, 



uiULUs. — H. H.— lour seeuiiiiB ^ rp .i * 



superior to others that have already ^^^goodform,^ 

 Pansies.-F. and B.-NO. 1 is a large ^"JJf mar? m of 

 ground, blue purple upper petals, and oro atj0¥et be 



same round the lower petals; the petals meet ^^ 



eye; a good flower. 2 is your best no* er . «* y upp er pe«* 

 intensely dark, ground light ^buft belting P urp . ^ m 

 the same; a brilliant and striking «°^' » oftbey^J 

 pact, but not equal to others of the same colour *,£ 



i and 6, the latter is the best; ^c eye is fine ^ D t,n 



deeper and more uniform; they «« ^f 'J . the *«*< J 

 form and substance, and have a .comnum ^ .od ,, 



blotch in the lip to form the eye is a g eat u antsSU ce- 



materia, for P*^^^ 



Self 

 stance, is your nower tu «« *£•-■£- '- ven n „e no* er » 

 vation .* T. O. G.-Serutinff s s i veiy ^ A te ej 



fine, 

 ron** 



well-formed, and of great snbstanc e ; gr '■ the me o- 4 

 rich purple up-petals, with £ b.°jdb U»£ above the eye 

 the lower petals; the side ^l^l^Y.andC.^^P^f. 

 the form of the shield made vfec 1 - * igWeiab ie su^ 

 a large richly-co.oured _P«rplf Selt, of co^ . 



into the belting irom »'» ^ *" '-fting tern.in n« *%l*fa 

 the weak manner in wh.ch he ^beU.ng ; ^.^ o 



eye; in other respects it is a veO y V^L^, 



large flower, with white ground, deep ju P , ryeijj 



belting is irregular, but uniform on the {s *^J. 0. 

 but Ether rough on the edges o^ ft he V > ^ g00 d n ^ 

 yellow Self, and the one with a d « **£<&* 



K other specimen is ***™£}\* 9 \ x to bj^gj ** 

 acquainted with the names i^JJ^ in **** lbey 

 vated from their size, and the mate* 

 packed was not efficiently damp. of ^ So utb ^ 



Ean.TO-.-In our report of the Exhibition J^fd^ 



«»!!^S^ ^Varnard," - ^ 



spells his name " Burnard, 



*»* As usual, many co 



mmunications have been 



recei 



r cdtoo 



!■!• 



