THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 



307 



— -z— — — • onrl if thev were furnished 



^:;S ^Jft ftt be drawn off 



r^.ap.0 the do« ^ . jis[ead of bemg skliume d 



<— ^i .1 o-ed tbus'to subside to the bottom of 



" ' ?'X%.rds drawn off separately. In hi. 



" 0A0 0-,-s, he used no other trays but leaden 



.tmcted • and he bad a model in preparation, 



w hieh. it tney nt t0 the Society. 



n "K. «5 B .kewell, Derbyshire, stated to the 

 jir. (jreaves, u 2() t 





„ -ft^t having paid a visit, some 20 years ago, 

 ^T'^t the ate Duchess of Rutland at Belvoir, 

 itJult^ w?th the plan adopted for obtaining j 

 •■• , • _ • ;♦■ fmm rh« surface of the ml 



■ m 



to 

 he 



inch struck with the plan auupucu «« -~~-»-e the 

 w*hout skimming it from the surface of the milk. 

 TW ^lk-room was lined with porcelain laid on in 

 -J* and in order to preserve it cool and fresh, 

 Si u to create a gradual ventilation, a fountain 

 -j ™f d water was kept constantly flowing in the middle 

 (X dairy • the current rising through an upright 

 SoTin the centre, and having attained its height, 

 JX* back in sheets of water over a cone of successive 

 £,inl increasing in size from the top to the bottom, 

 •here Che water entered a drain and was carried away. 

 AH the pancheons were of china-ware, and very shallow ; 

 it DafMwThe believed, been satisfactorily ascertained, that 

 the amount of cream thrown to the surface by a given 

 naantitv of milk was dependent to a certain extent on 

 the breadth of surface given to it by such shallow vessels, 

 the ume measure of milk poured into a vessel, allowing 

 it to etand at two inches deep, casting nearly twice as 

 much cream as it would do if its depth were eight inches. 

 In the experimental part of the dairy, the pancheons con- 

 taining milk from various cows of the different breeds, 

 were arranged in distinct order, and duly registered with 

 every circumstance of condition supposed to affect the 

 quality and quantity of the milk and cream obtained in 

 each case ; but the greater bulk of the milk was kept in 

 leaden cisterns, about 3 feet long, 2 feet wide, and 3 

 inches deep, the bottom of each cistern inside having a 

 alight concavity, in. the centre of which was an aperture 

 connected with a tap underneath, for the purpose of 

 drawing off the milk, and leaving the cream behind un- 

 touched in the cistern. Mr. Greaves considered this to be 

 oa every account an admirable plan ; and he had found in 

 hit own dairy, that a piece of saltpetre about the size of 

 •a hazel-nut, dissolved in warm water, and mixed with 

 e?ery gallon of new milk as soon as strained, not only 

 caased the milk to cast its cream better, but had the 

 effect of removing from it every disagreeable flavour 

 arising from the herbage of particular pastures : such 

 small addition to the milk of so well known and simple a 

 saline substance, imparting to it a wholesome character, 

 rather than otherwise, in a dietetic point of view. 



Lord Camoys, of Stonor Park, Oxfordshire, stated, 

 that while on a visit last winter with his friend Mr. Toi- 

 let of Betley Hall, Staffordshire, it occurred to him, on 

 inspecting that gentleman's dairy, without being aware 

 of the contrivance then brought under the notice of the 

 Council, that the milk might with great ease and nicety 

 be drawn off from beneath the cream on its surface by 

 •neaas of a syphon inserted into the milk over the edge 



j k PaD * ° Q his return home he carried out the idea; 

 and having found the plan to answer perfectly, he now 

 used nothing else but the syphon for separating the milk 

 irom the cream. The syphons were made of block-tin, 

 with a tube of about a quarter of an inch bore, and cost 

 wo or three shillings each : one great advantage in their 

 hTi™ -I*!*' *!"* were s elf-acting, merely requiring to 



tinl ?V n * e milk and set at work, the stream Son- 

 ™mg to flow by such decantation for about a quarter of 



inm k i the cream Presented itself for admission 

 «w the lower orifice of the tube, when its greater body 



tndn.li ? J P r 3 evented its ff ee passage, and the syphon 

 S y f S K Pped „ 0f its own a * cord ™ S complete 

 TerTan* milk from the cream > rendered the latter 



cows w e P r?4 m W " S keepin S P r °Perties. His own dairy 

 bodv hn r ^ u r ? 6ys ' and the cream therefore of greater 



w woSi f d tbe same effect of P erfect se P ara_ 



cialWifth/k sult , mthe ease of ordinary cream, espe- 

 -H»i Lord w° e tube were diminished accordingly. 

 '" willing* ' at the Te ^ est of th e Council, expressed 

 guess to present a specimen of the syphons to 



hi. 

 the So 



^ i ^ad?rT'"!i Mr ' Read ' of the R egent's Circus, Pic- 

 connected J>1 i t0 the Council th e following statement 

 *° «n ?arin BB ?- e c y lmdric tiJ es of small bore, referred 

 -* *a con? l0DS ° f the " Journal " of the Society : 

 gentlemen r P V qU ? nCe ° f nume ™us applications from 

 fy r surface T? ectln & the efficiency of the small pipe tile 



T »eeddaleo'r h aming u ° f cla y lands > and Aether the 



tfpe-tife machin • C tlles COuld be made with the new 

 UU * f *ctoril v tn m 1 , order to answer these questions 

 *** throo/h fu mySe ' m the ^ginning of March last I 

 ^dofKenr. f C ° l Unties of Surrey, Sussex, and the 

 draining comnw , °P lni °n of my old experienced 



*■ ^S& d ? rin S th e last 40 years. I have 

 ^inch bore are t-* 7 have P roved that the tiles of 



£*«* fcViheTater ^^ ** ^^ ^ ^ * *" 

 ^ e °f the rn,Tf e end of lhe drain. Nay, more ; 



^n that a ^°u / X P enenced Practical men are of 

 2?*** yet be mad t" reduction "* the size of the 

 n decl »vity thp ' ls wel1 known that the greater 

 ^^eisV^r.^^ the water will pSss off. 

 12 f0t innance th! °n ° f land nearl y or *«** level 

 r^^ostevlr. VaUey of the Medway,in Kent 

 £t* ^ K y ^ *« kin ^-) •> *** land is 

 S^^W, cannot' h ? ° rthree feet d eep, which, I 

 2 B lr C,It y in urffl , ? ^ X ? td ; but l hav e found no 

 * **& open at the g p su f J ^d, where the channels could 



«* end of the ditches. If the drains 



were three feet deep and two rods apart, there would be 

 three feet fall from the surface to the bottom of each 

 drain in one rod from the centre between them. In such 

 situations the telescope tiles may be used with good 

 effect ; for instance, suppose a field, 40 rods long, the 

 upper end (or the 10 rods laid down with No. 4 tiles, 

 of smallest bore), can receive but one-fourth of the 

 water that must pass through at the lower end (or 

 the 10 rods of No. 1 tiles, of largest bore). The 

 pipe- tiles made by Mr. Clayton's new machine may 

 be all brought into use in the same field ; they may also 

 be placed in half the compass in the kiln and carriage, 

 and burnt with half the expense of fuel, &c— N.B. These 

 pipe-tiles are all made with separate dies, any size of 

 which may be had, so as to give every person a choice of 

 the size he prefers for his own use." 



Mr. Woodward stated that with him the cylindric 

 form of tile had not answered in Worcestershire, 

 where he had drained 1000 acres up every furrow with 

 tiles of that shape and two or three inches bore ; the 

 drains becoming stopped up, as he supposed, from the 

 loose dust being washed by storms down the fissures, 

 where the ground had cracked, into the drains below, 

 where a puddle accumulated, which the force of the cur- 

 rent was eventually insufficient to overcome. 



Mr. Slaney had employed the small-bore cylindric tile 

 with signal success on his estate in Shropshire. His 

 pipe-tiles varied from 2\ to \\ inches in width, and had 

 run quite clear after two or three years' use. He be- 

 lieved that a great deal depended upon the mode of 

 filling-in drains ; and referred to the papers in the 

 Society's Journal on that point. By allowing the clay 

 to crack, and then filling-in with a proper material per- 

 meable to the water, he conceived that the finest natural 

 sieve was obtained to prevent future stoppage. His mode 

 was to cut the drains three feet deep, and cover them 

 over with the clay to the depth of about three inches, 

 allowing such bed of clay to crack into fissures before 

 proceeding further ; when the clay had cracked, he then 

 tilled in the drains as he had just stated. He had em- 

 ployed the draining-plough, introduced by Mr. Law 

 Hodges into the Weald of Kent, with great success. 

 — Colonel Challoner thought green-sod turf formed the 

 best material for filling-in drains. It was not, how- 

 ever, always at hand. He hoped at some future time 

 the subject of draining sandy soils, to which he had on 

 a former occasion called the attention of the Council, 

 would engage the serious consideration of the Society. 

 He considered that part of the general question of drain- 

 ing to be the one at the present time the least under- 

 stood, and to which practical attention had not yet been 

 sufficiently drawn. We were well informed on every 

 point connected with strong land draining, but knew 

 nothing of the draining of sandy land. 



Bones and Guano on Waste-Land. — Sir Charles 

 Lemon, Bart., M. P., called the attention of the Council 

 to the following facts, adduced by Mr. Karkeek of Truro, 

 in his prize essay read before the Cornwall Agricultural 

 Association, connected with results obtained from the 

 use of bones and guano on the very poorest waste-lands 

 of that county. 



Bone-dust, — In 1835, Carnwinick farm was a barren 

 waste, heath and furze being the only covering of the 

 soil ; let at two shillings per acre : north-west aspect, 

 and clay-slate soil of loamy character. Experiment I. 

 A common field was broken up, and the larger portion 

 manured with bone-dust at the rate of 3 quarters to the 

 acre ; the other portion being merely dressed with the 

 ashes obtained from the breaking and burning of the 

 land. The Turnip crop was completely carried off by 

 the fly. In the years 1836 and 1837, it was cropped 

 with Oats, and then laid down to permanent pasture. 

 There was more than double the quantity of Oats on that 

 portion where the bones had been applied, and at the pre- 

 sent time their effect can be plainly distinguished as 

 if a line of demarcation had been drawn between rich 

 and scanty herbage, or between a green meadow and 

 uncultivated land. Experiment II. — In 1836, another 

 piece of the waste was broken, which was sown to Oats, 

 and on the following year a similar crop was taken. One 

 portion of the field was manured with bone-dust only. 

 The Oats on this part were equal to those in the first 

 experiment. After this the whole was laid down to pas- 

 ture ; and at the present date the line of distinction can 

 be plainly seen where the bones were applied, at more 

 than four miles' distance. The same beneficial effect is 

 also plainly seen in two larger patches, broken up in 

 1837 and 1838. They have been sown with Turnips, 

 and manured with bone-dust only, which produced most 

 excellent crops ; after which, a crop of Oats was taken ; 

 it was then pastured up to the present time. In another 

 piece of about six acres, which was broken in 1839, and 

 sown with Swede Turnips, an excellent crop was pro- 

 duced ; since which other crops have been taken, and 

 the Clover very luxuriant, the land being equal to that 

 let at 405. per acre. In 1840 another piece was 

 broken and sown to Turnips, with bone-dust as before, 

 and Oats in the following year ; both crops were excel- 

 lent. In November 1841 it was ploughed once only, and 

 without any other cultivation sown to Turnips in June 

 1842. This crop was also good, and in Mr. Karkeek's 

 opinion plainly proved that Turnips after grain may be 

 produced without either spring or summer ploughing. In 

 1841 another large portion was broken, sown with 

 Swedes, and afterwards cropped with Oats, using the 

 bone-manure only, which answered as well as before. 

 From the year 1835 to the present time Mr. Trethewy 



manent pasture. In 1842 Mr. Karkeek witnessed a crop 

 of Swedes on this improved waste land, which he con- 

 sidered as decidedly the finest crop of the kind grown in 

 the parish that season. 



(To be continued.) 





had thus successfully broken and cultivated patches of the schools of Ayrshire and of the i adjoining J°" a ' 

 waste to the extent of 60 acres. His usual method of From all these circumsUnces-the lectures, pen , 



cropping had been, first'Turnips,then Oats/seeds, and per- and schools— it could easily be inferred tnat *w 



ROYAL AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEMENT 



SOCIETY OF IRELAND. 



At the late Half-Yearly General Meeting of this Society, 

 the Secretary read the Annual Report of the Council for 

 1843, from which it appears that the funds of the Society, 

 and the number of its annual members, have progres- 

 sively increased since its first formation. The number 

 of annual members who paid their subscriptions during 

 the past year amounted to 581, from whom the sum of 

 997/. 6s. was received. By an original rule of the Society, 

 all the donations, which now amount to 4859/., have 

 been strictly funded, and will continue so to be, in the 

 names of the trustees, the interest alone and the annual 

 subscriptions being applied to the general objects of the 

 Society. These latter sums, together with the balance 

 from year to year, and the sum of 500/., hitherto received 

 from the locality, on account of the Cattle Show, con- 

 stitute the available annual income of the Society, and are 

 vested in the finance committee, for the general purposes 

 of distribution. The funds at the disposal of the Society, 

 for 1843, amounted to 1838/. 1*. SJ. The most gratify- 

 ing feature in the proceedings of the Society, is the pro- 

 gress that has been made in the formation of local farming 

 societies in communication with the central one. In the 

 year 1841 there were only 23 of these local bodies in 

 existence ; in the year ending December, 1842, they had 

 increased to 50 ; in the year ending December, 1843, 

 they amounted to 80 ; and now there are no less than 100 

 of them in connection with the central Society, and the 

 applications are still increasing. This increase has been 

 most gratifying, particularly when we consider the vast 

 benefit which these local institutions have afforded in 

 carrying out the original views and objects of the central 

 body, and in enlisting the co-operation and support of 

 the farming classes. In the two former years it was the 

 custom to divide the premiums equally between husbandry 

 and stock; but it was found that the prizes given for 

 stock were only duplicates or repetitions of the same 

 premiums given by the local societies themselves. In 

 consideration, therefore, that as more than half the avail- 

 able funds of the Society were distributed in premiums 

 for the encouragement of stock, at the Society's annual 

 Cattle Show, the Council thought it more desirable to 

 confine their premiums in local Societies to purposes of 

 husbandry alone, and to leave the stock premiums to be 

 furnished by the local funds, according to the circum- 

 stances of each particular locality. This arrangement 

 has enabled the Society to devote a larger proportion of 

 its funds towards encouraging an improved system of 

 husbandry in the local societies in connection with it. 



At the last weekly meeting of this Society, Mr. Smith, 

 of Deanston, attended the Council on his return from 

 Sir Richard O'Donnell's, of Newport House, in the 

 county of Mayo, and stated that he had just completed 

 his tour of inspection of the lands of the different com- 

 petitors selected for the Society's Gold Medal, for the 

 greatest quantity of thorough- draining in Ireland — that 

 he had examined the different localities most attentively, 

 and had taken notes carefully of the work done, and of 

 the circumstances connected with each particular opera- 

 tion, which he would embody in his report, to be laid 

 before the Council at the earliest opportunity — that his 

 visit through Ireland was a most agreeable one to him, 

 as he saw evident marks of industry and improvement in 

 every quarter of the country — that Sir Richard O'Don- 

 nell deserved great credit for the example he had set in 

 that remote but interesting part of the country ; for even 

 already were the small farmers beginning to imitate him, 

 and it was pleasing to see the operation of thorough- 

 draining rapidly extending up the sides of the hills, and 

 through the moors in the west of Ireland. The quantity 

 of employment thus afforded to the labouring classes was 

 incredible ; and, in most cases, where the landlord paid 

 the small tenantry by task- work, at the rate of twopence 

 per perch, they seized on it greedily, as they calculated 

 that it would benefit their land more than double that 

 amount eventually. 

 AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY ASSOCIATION. 



On Wednesday the 24th ult., Professor Johnston deli- 

 vered a public address in the Museum of the Highland 

 Society, On the Improvement of some of the Counties 

 where Lectures have been given, and on the Results of In- 

 vestigations of Soils, Manures, and Guanos, in the Labo- 

 ratory of the Association. He began by reminding the 

 meeting that the Association had two objects in view, — 

 to diffuse knowledge in Agricultural Chemistry, and to add 

 to that knowledge by investigations in the laboratory. 

 In pursuance of the first of these objects, he had visited 

 a great many districts in Scotland, and delivered lectures 

 there to farmers. Another means which the committee 

 of management expected of great service in diffusing 

 knowledge was through the press. There were now six 

 riodicals in circulation, and two others had just com- 

 menced. A third mode which the committee adopted for 

 furthering the objects of the Association, was to secure 

 the aid of the schools. Much had been done in Ireland 

 in this respect — the study of Agriculture having been 

 introduced into the national schools of that country. In 

 Ayrshire, also, much had been done. Being applied to 

 by the farmers there, he had written an elementary book 

 for the schools, and the subject was now introduced into 



