324 



THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 



of man. Its form is that of a small oval leaf, pointed 

 posteriorly, and a narrowed portion anteriorly, at the 

 end of which is the first sucker, communicating with a 

 •ort of esophagus, from which arise canals that ramify 

 throughout the body, conveying the bile on which the 

 animal feeds. The species that infest sheep become 

 greatly multiplied when they graze in low, wet grounds, 

 rendering them dropsical, and finally killing them." 

 "With regard to the " Sandore," I cannot find it under 

 that name in any book ; but a species is mentioned of 

 similar habits as the D. hepatica, namely, D. lanceolata, 

 which may be the one in question. Neither the one nor 

 the other are the M produce of insects." They are perfect 

 animals, forming a genus of the second class of the Radi- 

 ated Animals. Whether they arise from spontaneous 

 generation, owing to circumstances of diet and habitation 

 of the sheep, or from any other source, is a question which 

 has not, as far as I am aware, been answered with cer- 

 tainty as yet. I have read somewhere that a creature of 

 analogous nature to the fluke infests the marshes of the 

 Neva, near St. Petersburg, which, climbing on the stems 

 of the rushes, fastens upon the uncovered parts of the 

 legs of men, horses, or cattle, and eats into the flesh, 

 causing insufferable torment. The fluke might have a 

 similar origin, but that it has never been found out of the 

 sheep's liver or that of other animals.— N. D. D. 



Grass Lands. — In several works on farming consi- 

 derable stress is laid on not allowing cattle to be turned 

 into the Grass-fields in winter, for fear of poaching the 

 ground with their feet. There is an idea in this neigh- 

 bourhood that this is rather beneficial than otherwise, as 

 we find that several fields which are trampled on every 

 winter are in the dry weather rendered level by the same 

 means ; and all the moss being killed, and the surface of 

 the ground broken up, they produce better Grass than 

 the rest of the land, even when equally manured. It is 

 a common saying that an old pasture is hide-bound. I 

 hope your more able correspondents will give us their 

 experience in this matter — J. R. Pearson, Nottingham. 

 Yew.— In your Paper of the 13th insr., it is said bv one 

 of yourcorrespon bnts, respecting the Yew, that, "if it is 

 withered, it is a deadly and quick poison— if green, per- 

 fectly harmless." With the first part of this observation 

 I agree, but my experience contradicts the opinion that, 

 "if green, it is harmless;" as some winters since, during 

 a severe frost, my sheep having crossed a frozen ford 

 into a plantation abounding with Yew, several having 

 browsed upon it, died in the course of a few hours. I 

 think it probable, as snow covered the ground at the 

 time, and nothing green was visible excepting the Yew, 

 the sheep being fat, and consequently in a pampered 

 state, were tempted to devour food that animals more in 



a state of nature would have rejected A Subscriber. 



Potatoes — Your correspondent, " H. P. T.," in No. 

 17, expresses his surprise that Potatoes should be so good 

 as he found them, having been left in the ground all the 

 winter ; why, it is the only way to have them good in the 

 spring ! I mentioned some weeks back that all root 

 crops to be preserved in their natural state must be left 

 where they grew. The ftvr Swedes I earthed up this 

 season in the rows, after cutting off the top to prevent 

 sprouting, are good now, retaining all their properties : 

 no also are the carrots.— S. C. 



Sea-weed as Manure.— A few questions having been 

 addressed to a very intelligent correspondent in the Isle 

 ofThanet respecting the mode of using sea-weed as a 

 manure in that district, and the supposed results, the 

 substance of the answers may, perhaps, be acceptable to 

 ■such persons as are interested generally on the subject 

 of manures ; and through the same quarter it is hoped 

 that we shall be enabled to give a chemical analysis of 

 the substance resulting from the decomposition of the 



oftL ^ff mCt JTV- ie W u ed iS merdy brOU S ht t0 the to P 

 of the cliff and laid m a heap, where it is allowed to rot. 



The more approved plan, however, is to put a layer of 



TOould, hen alayerof sea-sand, andthenone of stable-dun- 



i^ZM ?\ pr r° fit m0St fr0m the dressin S *hich «ave 

 had the least of it previously ; but, perhaps, most benefit 



is obtained in stiff soils, ceteris paribus. It is good, in- 

 discriminately, for any crop. It does not appear that 

 after a series of years the land is deteriorated by the pre- 

 sence of magnesian salts, because the farmers are always 

 eager to use it when it can be obtained ; and many lands 

 adjoining the shore have had it applied constantly from 

 time immemorial, and it is still used and found to be 

 beneficial. Sea- weed hastens very decidedly the decom- 

 position of other manures when miied with them • 

 neither salt nor soda do good to land which has had the 

 «ea-weed manure. It is never applied alone, but if 

 roted separately is mixed with other manure. Nothing 

 ZeJZZ I.' SeVeral / ears on *»e *POt where a pure sea- 

 V^x.^ItV ' " Cept k bG a f6W *Pe™solMri- 



v^tii^r^ ■** f\^ J-J* 



SuSSiTof ale wOTtt vsi mention / e 



paying whether they are coa o w "XT' T^ 

 285, « Model .Experiment."-*:. /? *' See P' 



barren spot than this part of St. Agnes Common exhi- 

 bited previously to its inclosure ; there being scarcely turf 

 enough left to make the hedges, and the greater part 

 being chiefly subsoil. The following Table exhibits the 

 method of cropping and manuring adopted by Messrs. 

 Davey and Redruth, in their first experiment: — 





O .- 









CO 



CO 



a 



o 



G 



m 



G 



£ 





 < 



e 



o 



a 



"3 

 X 



SI 



o 



z 



Z 



V 



m 

 m 





*3 



= S 



£1 



»<" 



^3 U. 



/J CO 



of >» O h 



<$ a a, a 





03 



u 



'5. 



o 



X 



C 



5 



i 

 o 



o 



& 

 i 



o 



-a 



3 



to 



C7 



2 = 



Z V 



z « 



SI 



z 



* 





u c 



£& 





Oi 



ti 



a 



s 



bet 



c a 

 z v 



28 



a r 



it 



o 



u 

 - 



0> 



3 



JO 



DB 



O 



a 



3 

 U 







2 u • 



zj cC O 

 s. ^ o 



£5- a 



I worst part of the piece. wnere the horn h^TT^ 

 employed the land has at the present tW <***<* 

 appearance than any fields in the neiehbmirK^ J etter 

 three fields on which the previous e "pi? ime J^ ^ 

 kept 30 ewes, 30 lambs, 4 oxen, 3 hor.?."^^ 

 from the commencement of May until the harvest *&' 



el 



Grass was cut and carried into the stable for thJ L ^ 



the field having since that time been well tocke d ^ 

 sheep. o«-ucnea with 



Experiment IV.-This experiment was made on 

 foThem C ' Slmilar t0 thC f ° rmer ° DeS ' and *«oiataJ 



O 



a, 

 3 



CQ 

 S-i 



> 



Si 2U m 



3 . 



CC «^ ■V 



It will be seen from this experiment, that the soil was 

 not sufficiently powerful to produce a crop of Wheat, 

 manured over with bone-dust 3 qrs. to the acre. In the 

 Oat crop the following year, manured with 1 cwt. of 

 nitrate of soda, we have 36 bushels of Oats and no seeds ; 

 in consequence of which the field was tilled to Barley in 

 1842, and dressed with Truro (scavengers') dung, 

 at a cost of 9/. per acre, including carriage. Here 

 was another failure, the produce being only 18 imperial 

 bushels per acre. The crop of seeds in the early part of 

 the spring of 1843 made but little progress, in conse- 

 quence of which it was dressed with 2 cwt. of guano per 

 acre; and its growth shortly after this was surprising. 

 So abundant was the Grass during the summer, that it 

 was a wonder to the neighbourhood how so much stock 

 could have been kept for so great a length of time. Where 

 the lime had been employed for Wheat, the Grass was 

 by no means so thick as in other parts. 



Experiment II. 



CO 



c 



o 



o 



The circumstance considered by MrTKarkeek «.«„ k 

 worthy of notice here is the powerful effert ^KS 

 oy tlie hoofs of animals, in conjunction with guano on 

 the Oats and Rye-grass ; the latter growing in such an 

 astonishing degree, that it completely choked the Clover 

 and very nearly the Barley. The field has now the an 

 pearance of an old coarse pasture. The effect of KUa no 

 and bone-dust mixed is also seen in an excellent crop of 

 Swedes, 20 tons to the acre. Experiment V. 



■< * w 



a c 



x 3 



- O 



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 3 & 



3 



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00 



CO ra — 



*- ^ — 



cd 

 O 



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3 



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is 



B t 



ca 



O 

 o 



•4-* 



2 



o 

 J2 



3 

 t> 



II 



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3 C 



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-3 

 3 



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 u. at 



a. z. 

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In this second experiment it will be seen that the 

 Wheat failed as in the first, evidently showing, in Mr 

 Karkeek's opinion, that Wheat was not adapted to the 

 new soil ; whilst in the following year a beautiful illus- 

 tration was afforded of the effect of guano on a crop of 

 Oats. Messrs. Davey had now, it appeared to him f 

 learned by experience that the method of cropping and 

 manuring which they commenced with, was not such as 

 would be likely to prove successful; and accordingly, in 

 the succeeding experiment, they began cultivating the 

 next piece of waste by taking a green crop first, fo]. 

 lowing it by a crop of Oats. 



Experiment III. 



A.tt.P. 



4 1 



co 



3 

 o 



O 



u 



CQ 



First Urop. ] Secona Crop. 



Turnips, sown in June. Oats.sownl842 



Four separate acres, 

 manured each with 



Dung, Sea- 



25 weed. 



loads. 



Itonoi 4qr. of per 

 horo, bone- 

 I &c. dust. 



Produce. 



Ma- 

 nure, Produce 

 per 

 acre. 



Seeds, 1843. 



acre. 



Manure, 

 per 



acre. 



S c 



Pas- 

 ture, ! None.} None. 

 ;i5tons 



2 cwt.l72bshl-. 



Swede & u ' 

 l8tons ano ' 



In this experiment Mr. Karkeek 



of BJack 

 Oats. 



15 loads 

 farm- 

 yard 



dung-. 



u 



o 



> 3 



•Tl 



horn &7 IhJ Tu SS 0I *'■ 15s - on the dung ; the 



™:»£J 7 b z s ns %™ e :nz :: a f b r ton , and comb 



Dung. £ 8 . 



25 loads dung, at 5s. 6 5 

 Carriage of do., at 4s. 



per load . .50 



Spreading do. on land 10 



d. 

 











£\\ 15 



BONBS. 



4 qrs. bones, at 23*. 

 Carriage do. , 



Sonnies. 



TtOYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY or ENGL VXD 



(Continued from page 30;.) 



Gt/a™.— Experiment I.-Ty*arnhayle Farm : a8 n ec t 

 jonth-eastern, protected from the sea-winds ; soil arVil 

 laceous character, with deep retentive clay subsoil! Mr* 

 karkeek considered it almost impossible to find a more 



Value of 

 Manure. 



I 



Produce. 



£ s. 



tons 

 Dung, 11 15 Pasture, 15 



Bones, 4 18 Swedes, 18 



Value 

 per 

 ton. 





Valu* of 

 Produce. 



Difference 

 between 

 value of 

 Crop and 

 Manure. 



Profit 

 and 



Loss. 



Loss. 

 Profit. 



Again, in the second crop as much as 72 bushels of 



Oats were produced by 2 cwt. of guano per acre wL 



he horn and bone sweepings bid been^d^evbu U 



for Turnips, the Oats and seeds were decidedlv th* £ >\ 7 



P-rt of the field ; bone next, dung n„S^ 



In this experiment we have a similar effect produced 

 by a mixture of bone and guano manures on Swedes; 

 and in the following year another excellent crop of Oati! 

 with only 2 cwt. of guano per acre. 



The expenses incurred by Messrs. Davey in cultivating 

 an acre of waste were nearly paid by the two first crops, 

 leaving the value of the straw, about 1£ ton per acre, to 

 pay for incidental expenses. Mr. Karkeek estimates their 

 expenses per acre in cultivating for the first crop as 

 11/. 17s. 6d., and for their second crop 15/. l(k, aod the 

 value of the produce on the two first crops only as 

 14/. 8s. The profit arising from the feeding of stock on 

 the seeds is not considered in this account ; but he thinks 

 an idea may be formed of their luxuriancy from the 

 circumstance, that during the summer Messrs. Davey 

 received sevenpence per week for the keep of fat sheep 

 belonging to butchers, and at Christmas last sixpence per 

 week, the fields being now equal in appearance to others 

 let at 20s. per acre in the same neighbourhood, it having 

 also been found that the expenses incurred in picking 

 and carrying off the stones from the different inclosures, 

 were more than repaid by the sale of the stones for the 

 purpose of repairing the turnpike roads. . 



The following communications were referred to the 

 Journal Committee :— Sir Charles Lemon, on the Medi- 

 cal Treatment of sickly Trees ; Mr. Rodwell, on the Culti- 

 vation of Italian Rye-grass ; Mr. James Haywood, on 

 Excretionary Manures; Reports on Ox and Horse Teams, 

 from the Rev. Thomas Cator and Mr. Frederick 

 Manning ; and a Letter from Mr. Meyer, on the De- 

 struction of Rats. Mr. Charles Knight presented a 

 complete set of his industrial Guide Books on agricul- 

 tural, mechanical, economical, and other subjects ; Mr. 

 Bencraft, specimens of his patent Hames and Spring- 

 saddle ; Mrs. Loudon, a copy of the Complete Supple- 

 ment to the Encyclopaedia of Agriculture; Mr. Thomp- 

 son, a copy of his Prize Essay on Manures ; Mr. Shaw, 

 the Farmers' Magazine for May; Mr. Jopling, his 

 Treatise on Field Gates ; and Mr. Mechi, copies of his 

 Statement on Agricultural Improvements,— for all which 



communications and presents, the best thanks of the 

 Council were ordered. 



The Council then adjourned to Wednesday next, the 

 15th of May. 



A Weekly Council was held at the Society's House 

 in Hanover-square, on Wednesday last, the J 5th of May; 

 present, the Right Hon. Earl Spencer, President, in the 

 Chair; Marquis of Downshire, Lord Bridport, Lord 

 Camoys, Hon. Capt. Spencer, Hon. G. H. Cavendish, 

 M.P.; Hon. Capt. Dudley Pelham, Col. Austen, T. 

 Raymond Barker, Esq. ; J. Raymond Barker, Esq. ; 

 Burton Borough, Esq. ; F. Burke, Esq. ; Sir C. Burrell, 

 Bart., M.P. ; Rev. T. Cator ; Col. Challoner ; J- 

 Evelyn Denison, Esq., M.P. ; T. Ellman, Esq.; J- 

 Etwall, Esq., M.P. ; J. H. Hodgetts Foley, Esq. J A. 

 E. Fuller, Esq., M.P. ; B. Gibbs, Esq. ; H. Hall, Esq. 1 

 Sir J. Johnstone, Bart., M.P. ; Rev. R. H. Leeke ; Col. 

 MacDouall; Sir C. Morgan, Bart.; A. Ogilvie, Esq.; 

 J. Parkes, Esq., C.E. ; E. Parkins, Esq.; H. Price; 

 J. Read, Esq. ; E. A. Sanford, Esq. ; Prof. Sewell ; W- 

 Shaw, Esq.; R. A. Slaney, Esq.; T. Tweed, Esq.; !• 



M.I* 



Walmesley, Esq. ; and G. Wilbraham, 



The following new members were elected :- 



Parker, William, Ware Park, Herts. 

 Comins, James, South Molton, Devon. 

 Brine, William, Tolpuddle, Dorchester, Dorset. 



Esq, 



