438 



THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 



favourite pursuit, with a practical perception of its 

 details, and a scientific knowledge of its processes, which 

 has probably never before been possessed by one person. 

 Thus, above all other writers of the present day on the 

 subject of Agriculture, Mr. Rham was eminently fitted, 

 by his excellent judgment and sound sense, to be useful 

 to the country in the existing state of its husbandry and 

 rural economy, when, probably, we are on the eve of 

 great improvements in every department of these most 

 important branches of industry. He was an active 

 member of the council and upon the committees of the 

 Royal Society of Agriculture, from its formation in 

 1838 : his loss at this moment is therefore great. The 

 present volume contains his views on all the principal 

 subjects of interest to the agriculturist." 



In addition to the article on the u Plough " here spe- 

 cified, we may refer to those on "Arable Land," 

 * Soils," and many others, as likely to prove useful to 

 agricultural readers. There is also much instructive 

 matter regarding the present condition of British Agri- 

 culture to be found in a series of articles descriptive of 

 farming as practised in the several counties. 



Miscellaneous. 



Disease of Wheat. — On the Rust, Red-rag, Red- 

 robin, Red-gum. — I believe that under the names here 

 quoted, agriculturists comprehended the attacks of what 

 botanists consider to be two distinct species of fungi ; and 

 which the experienced eye of the microscopic observer 

 was alone likely to separate. They form yellow and 

 brown oval spots and blotches upon the stem, leaf, and 

 chaff, and when the spores have burst through the epi- 

 dermis they are readily dispersed. Like those of the 

 bunt-fungus and smutfungus, they consist of very 

 minute grains, but their colour is different, varying from 

 orange-yellow to biown, and their shape is not so per- 

 fectly spherical, especially those of U. linearis, which 

 are usually oblong. Both these fungi are very common 

 on Corn and Grasses. I have within the last two months 

 (of July and August), seen more of the Red- rag (U. 

 rubigo) as it is here called, than of any other of these 

 Corn-pests. It abounded in the form of an orange 

 powder which exuded from the inner surfaces of the 

 chaff-scales, but was scarcely if ever to be seen in the 

 skin of the seed ; it might also be traced in patches 

 beneath the epidermis of the straw, but I did not observe 

 that it had burst through the epidermis anywhere, except- 

 ing on the inside of the chaff. It seemed to prevail 

 more among the rough-chaffed Wheats than others ; and 

 in this parish, more especially in some fields of the 

 variety called white Tunstall. At one time it appeared 

 likely that these fields would be seriously injured by it, 

 but some warm sunny weather coming on, the Red-rag 

 lost ground, and I observed that the sori, or spots from 

 whence the spores exuded, turned deep-brown. This dis- 

 ease is not so injurious as the true mildew ; but although 

 I shall speak of the latter as if it were produced by a dis- 

 tinct species of fungus, and in compliance with the pre- 

 sent opinions of most systematic botanists, still I am very 

 much inclined to think that both diseases are occasioned 

 by the same fungus, under different forms or states of 

 fructification. On the Mildew. — If agriculturists appear to 

 haveconfounded under the name of rust, the attacks of fungi 

 which botanists consider to belong to two distinct species, 

 so also have they frequently applied the name of rust as 

 well as mildew to the disease we are about to notice. 

 I am inclined to consider these two diseases to be mere 

 modifications in the attack of the same species of fungus, 

 but further observations are required to settle this 

 question. For the present, then, we must consider the 

 mildew-fungus not merely as a distinct species, but also 

 as belonging to a different genus from the two rust-fungi. 

 The form of its spores is indeed very different from those 

 we have already noticed. Mr. Bauer long ago published 

 figures in which all the forms of the mildew-fungus are 

 accurately delineated. This plate accompanies a short 

 account of mildew by the late Sir Joseph Banks, which 

 was published as a separate pamphlet, but afterwards re- 

 printed in the second volume of the "Annals of Botany ;" 

 again, in " CurtiYs Account of Grasses;" and again, 

 but without Mr. Bauer's figures, in the sixth volume of 

 " The Pamphleteer." The ripe spores of this fungus are 

 little intensely dark-brown club-shaped bodies, having the 

 thicker end divided into two chambers, each filled with 

 sporules. They taper gradually at the base into a fine stalk. 

 The sori (or patches of spores) are composed of multi- 

 tudes of these bodies, which sometimes burst through the 

 epidermis of the stem and leaves, in such profusion that 

 the whole plant appears as if it had been scorched. I 

 have observed this fungus intermixed with the rust-fungi 

 in a way which strengthens my opinion that they are 

 identical ; but I do not wish to discuss this point any 

 further, as my observations on mildew have hitherto been 

 very slight. The only example which this year came 

 under my notice, occurred in two fields at Audleyend, in 

 one of which Lord Braybrooke informs me, " that Wheat 

 was never grown before, the ground having been sheep- 

 walk and absolutely worthless, until it was ploughed up 

 some years ago, and since been farmed on the four-course 

 system. The ground being much exposed, and with a 

 northern aspect, the ploughmen call it Free2e-land. The 

 seed was supposed to be pure Talavera." The seed in the 

 other field was Hickiand's Prolific. As these fields were 

 mildewed in a season remarkably free from this blight, 

 these circumstances are worth recording — and in addition 

 I may observe, that the foil was poor chalk-land, and the 

 field of Talavera surrounded on all sides by high hedges 

 and plantations. The mildew in the other field was con- 

 fined to one corner. On the precautions to be taken 1 ^ wooied Wethen 



'. — I have very little that is aa- T?l „*>««»" 



tisfactory to report on this head. I do not think it has 

 been clearly determined by experiment, whether the 

 sporules of the rust and mildew fungi are absorbed by the 

 roots of Corn, like those of the bunt and smut fungi ; or 

 whether, (which seems to be the more prevalent idea) they 

 enter through those minute pores on the stem and leaves 

 which botanists term stomata. The fungi at first 

 make their appearance in little cavities seated imme- 

 diately beneath these pores, which certainly looks very 

 much as if the sporules entered there. The stomata are 

 naturally exhaling organs, continually discharging, under 

 the influence of light, a large proportion of the water 

 imbibed by the root. But in moist weather this function 

 is impeded, if, in some cases, it be not actually reversed; 

 when it would be easy for the sporules to enter these in- 

 visible stomata, with the moisture imbibed by them. The 

 fact, however, stands in need of proof; and hitherto the 

 evidence is more in favour of similar fungi being imbibed 

 by the roots of the plants which they attack. Mr. Knight, 

 indeed, who is high authority, particularly insists upon mil- 

 dew being induced by foggy weather happening at a time 

 when the ground is particularly dry: circumstances which 

 we may readilyunderstand as likely to convert the stomata 

 (or even the whole superficial tissue of plants) into im- 

 bibing organs. If the autumnal fogs really pre-dispose 

 Wheat to the attacks of the mildew-fungus, we must 

 agree with those who recommend the growth of early 

 varieties in places subject to these fogs. It seems to be 

 pretty generally admitted that spring Wheats are less 

 liable to mildew than winter Wheats ; and that heavy 

 soils are less subject to it than light ones. But, at 

 present, the information on these points is very vague 

 and unsatisfactory. We may safely conclude, that a 

 generally healthy state of the plant, without any over- 

 luxuriance of vegetation, is most likely to secure a crop 

 against the attacks of the rust and mildew-fungi ; but, 

 that whatever tends to render the plant sickly, whether 

 it be excess of heat or cold, drought or wet, sudden 

 changes of temperature, poverty of soil, over-manuring, 

 shade, &c. &c, must be considered as a pre-disposing 

 cause to these diseases. Supposing it were clearly ascer- 

 tained that a Corn crop had imbioed the sporules of the 

 mildew-fungus early in the season, might it not be ad- 

 visable to feed it down by sheep ? I ask the question in 

 perfect ignorance of the propriety or practicability of 

 such a course. The rust and mildew-fungi attack many 

 Grasses, and I have this year found the latter in great 

 perfection in the common Reed. It is evident, there- 

 fore, that we can never expect to exterminate these 

 fungi ; but that their sporules will always be found in 

 our fields, ready to attack the Corn crops whenever these 

 are brought into a state adapted to receive their influence. 

 Whether remedial or palliative measures may not be dis- 

 covered is an inquiry well worthy the attention of agri- 

 culturists. — Professor Henslow's Report, 2nd vol. of 

 the English Agricultural Society's Journal. 



[June 29 



Notices to Correspondents. 



m 



Agricultural Gazktte. — T. Green.— We do not know any 

 one anxious to take the paper as you propose. With regard 

 to the contents of your drain, you had better mix them with 

 fresh burnt charcoal dust, which will destroy the smell and 

 dry the material, so as to cause its application to the land an 

 easy and not disagreeable operation. 



Burnt Clay.--A Subscriber will find information on this sub- 

 ject in this and the next Numbers of Sprengel's Inorganic 

 Manures. Spread 30 cartloads an acre on your land, and 

 mix It with the soil by ploughings, &c. 



Clover Dodder.— IF.— Your specimen is the Flax Dodder. 



Highways. — A Constant Reader. — Gates erected in highways 

 time out of mind are not a nuisance, and cannot be removed. 

 But if anew gate be so placed, it is an obstruction, and a 

 nuisance which any one may abate. We are not aware that 

 such cases are within the summary jurisdiction of magis- 

 trates, unless under such circumstances as may bring them 

 within the 72d section of the General Highway Act, •' for wil- 

 fully obstructing the free passage of any highway," W. 



Humber Warp.— B.R.W.— You had better get the mud out 

 now, and mix such a quantity of lime with it as, considering 

 the quantity you intend to apply, will amount to 80 or 100 

 bushels per acre. The influence of the lime on the salt will 

 be beneficial. If it be applied as fine as possible in autumn, the 

 winter weather will enable you to spread it perfectly in spring. 



Land Societv.— H.F. — Is there no more effective way of in- 

 vesting your funds in the employment of agricultural labour- 

 ers, (that is your object, is it not?) than by the purchase of 

 land to be cultivated by the sp^de? Will you favour us with 

 the history of your Society? With your apparently lim iced 

 funds, you cannot, surely, have done much. 



***As usual, many communications have been received too late. 



ittarfects* 



SMITHFIELD, Monday, June 24.— Per stone of 8 lbs. 



Best Downs & Half- bred 3 3sl0to 4s 

 Beit Long-wools - - 8 6 8 10 

 Ewes and second quality 3 2 3 5 

 Lambs * - -4050 



against Rust and Mildew, 



1 



Best Scots, H erefords, Ace- 3s 8 to 4s 

 Best Short Horns -3438 



Second quality Beasts . g 10 3 2 

 Calves - • . -3842 



PiK " y> " " " • 8 4 4 O 



Beasts, 2285; Sheep and Lambs, 31,610; Calves, 217; Pigi,3&7, 

 We have a smaller supply of Beasts to-day, especially of the best qualities, 

 consequently there is an advance of fully 2d per 8 lbs on Scots, Heref .rds, Ac. 

 There is not such a rise in the price of the lai^r Beasts ; we cannot quote 

 Short horns at more than 3s 8d, although in some few instances a little more 

 than that is obtained. The number of Sheep and Lambs is also less than 

 last week, but there are quite sufficl nt for the demand ; the trade is, how- 

 ever, rather brisker, and our top quotations are readily realised for the beat 

 qualities. Veal and Pork are about the same as un Monday last, but not quite 

 so good as on Friday. ' 



Friday, Jane 28. 



Our supply of B*asu to-day is goods there are also plenty of buyers, at a 

 little advance on Monday sprues. We have very few good Sees on offer; 

 many of second quality Scoti .and best Shorthorns are makin* very nearly 

 U per 8 lbs. In Mieep and Lambs we have a larger number than has been 

 known on the Friday it some years; notwithstanding «ur Monday's prices 

 are pretty well supported, owin*to a deficient supply at the dead market 

 during the week. Calves sell slowly, the numbers being large; the best 

 make very little over 4s per 8 lbs. Pork is a heavy trade, owing to the warm 

 weather. • 



Beast*, 785; Sheep and Lambs, 13,620; Calyes, S35; Pigs, 361. 

 .-' __ 41, West SttithfrKL 



WOOL.— British, Friday, June 28. 



Or* advices from the manufacturing districts report favourably of the «ate 

 of the Wool trade. There is a good and steady demand foi the article, and 

 stock* have somewhat decreased, but prices continue stationary The Staplers 

 HtiUbCi'mplain that the prices demanded by the growers are much higher than, 

 in tv present state of the market, they can attord ; consequently their trans- 

 actions witi the Farmers have as yet been few, 



per lb. 

 ^onthdown Hoggitta Is 0l to \ s *J 

 Kent Fleeces 11* 1 * 



Jawbs Paaact, Wool Hsoktr. 



itts 



^•^wn Fleece* 



pr-r lb. 

 Il4dtols0| 

 ]il 13 

 llj 1 



w ^ a MARK.LANE, Monday, June 24. 



Wk had a short supply of English Wheat thi< m~_, 

 from the near counties ; the Essex and Suffolk was L nin * 

 on about the same terms at this day week bu ?££"**« 



o. b. continues to find buyers at tally former price* n'*'* 



e the turn lower.-Peas fully support our quotatim.7^? 1 



arrival of Oats being large, they meet a sl2w sal L*^* 



advance of last Monday is not maintained ' a U* 



f. 



are 



y is not maintained 



BRITISH, PKR IMPKHIAL QIARTKK. 



Wheat, Essex, Kent, and Suffolk . White 



Norfolk, Lincolnshire, and Yorkshire 



Barley, Maltinjr and distilling 27s todls Chevalier 

 Oats, Lincolnshire and Yorkshire • . Polands 



Northumberland and Scotch . . Feed 



Irish F^d 



Malt, pale, ship 



ertford and Esse: 



Rve 



8. 



46 

 50 

 88 



20 

 20 

 13 

 £8 

 60 

 29 

 30 



0. 



65 

 M 



3« 



23 



23 



23 



62 



63 



32 



N 



Red . 



White 



f»nnd. 



Feed 



Potato 



Potato 



4* 



l» 

 21 



19 



I. 



x 



If 



35 



Harrow 3] 



Long pud — 

 Grey 31 



Beans, Ma/agan, old and new 30 to 35 Tick 



Pigeon, Heligoland . 34 to 39 Winds. 



Peas, White . . . . 35 to 38 Maple 32 



Friday, June 28. 

 The arrivals of English Wheat since Monday have heen 

 moderate, and the little offering is with difficult* disoosen r>f «» 

 that day's terms. The demand for Foreign is languid andauS 

 in retail; but holders are firm, and not inclined to force ihi 

 There is but a trifling business doing in Spring Corn of anr 



description, and late prices are barely maintained n*t* ^«I 



be noted 6d. to 1$. per qr. lower. 



tained.-Oats must 



IMPKRIAI, AVERAGES. 



May 



June 



17 

 £4 

 31 



7 

 14 



21 



per Quarter. 



6 weeks' Aggreg. Aver. 

 Duties on Foreign Grain 



Canary • - per qr 

 Carraway • per cwt 



Clover, Red, English 



— — Foreign 



— White, Knglish - 



— — Foreign 

 Coriander - 



Hempseed • per last 



Linseed - - per or 



— Baltic «■ 



— Cakes,Eng. per 1000 



Wheat. 



I Barley. 



Oats. 



Rye. 



1 Beam. 



55si0d 



3lJ id 



21 s 0d 



3U 2d 



33* 3ft 



55 10 



30 7 



21 2 



31 7 



33 11 



55 



30 9 



21 7 



34 



34 ID 



65 6 



ai 4 



21 11 



33 11 



85 II 



66 9 



31 10 



22 6 



8* 4 



60 11 



66 8 



32 8 



31 4 



22 8 



21 10 



34 2 



37 10 



as 6 



55 8 



32 10 



)7 



7 



6 1 



10 6 



1 7 6 



Pea*. 



31* 



8*1 



31 



7 



l| 



4 



34 



1 



34 



I 



35 



t 





a* 4 



SEEDS, June 24. ■--■•• 



55s to 63s LinseedCakes.Foreign.p.tone/u^JlOs 



Mustard, White • p. bush. 5s 7 



— Superfine „ 4 • 10 



— Brown „ • — _ 

 Rapeseed, English, per lait 241 

 Rape Cakes - per ton — 

 Sainfoin - - . . _ m 



Tares, Eng. winter p. bush. 6 | 



— Foreign - - • — 

 Trefoil - - per cwt — 

 10/ 10/ lOij Turnip (too variable for quotation). 



KiNospoao and Lxr- 



50 



54 



60 



74 



64 



74 



100 



130 



84 



125 



12 



18 



35 



40 



HOPS, Friday, June 28. 



There is no alteration in our market since this day week; the account* 

 from Sussex, Weald of Kent, and Worcester are daily worse, and the late 

 rain has increased the vermin very much in those districts, and an appear- 

 ance of fresh fly since the rain. F»mrv[>kn \ muth. Hop- factor* 



COVENT GARDEN, June 29. —The market has been well 

 supplied with both Fruit and Vegetables during the week ; bat 

 trade for some things has been dull. Pine Apples are more 

 plentiful and are remarkably fine; they consist chiefly of 

 Queens, Providence, and Jamaicas. The supply of Peaches and 

 Nectarines has been unusually abundant; but the demand for 

 them is not great. Strawberries and Cherries are daily becom- 

 ing more plentiful in the market, and Raspberries are now 

 added in pretty considerable quantities. Hothouse Grapes of 

 excellent* quality are sufficient for the demand, an<i are slightly 

 reduced in price. The supply of Dutch and English Melons is 

 well kept up; good specimens of the latter are offered at about 

 6s. each. Oranges and Lemons are much the same as last 

 week. Considerable quantities of perfectly ripe Gooseberries 

 and Currants are in the market. Vegetables, in consequence 

 of the late more favourable weather, begin to improve. Cauli- 

 flowers are i?ood and plentiful. Asparagus is becoming scarce, 

 as is also Rhubarb. French Beans are slightly altere d in price 

 Peas have been much dearer during the week, and have oeen 

 in consequence less on demand; they are, however, again laien 

 in price, and a brisk trade for them is expected. Lettucej 

 and all kinds of Salading are plentiful. A few specimens , oC 

 Vegetable Marrow have been brought to the market during ^ine 

 week. Cut Flowers chiefly consist of Combretum purpj J 

 Cactus speciosissimus, Sweet Peas, Lily of the Valley, Alstrce- 

 meria pelegrina, Heaths, Pelargoniums, Gardenias, rinw, 

 Fuchsias, Verbenas, Moss, Provins, and other Roses. 



Pine Apple, per lb., 4s to 8* 



rine Apple, per ir>. t 4* to vs 

 Grapes, Spanish, per lb., 1* to 1* 6d 

 Hothouse Grapes, per lb. s 3* to 6* 

 Melons, each, 3* to 6* 

 Peaches, per dozen, 6* to 12* 

 Cherries, per lb., 1* to 3* 

 Currants, per half-sieve, 3* to 5* 

 Strawberries, per gallon, 6d to 1* 6d 

 Gooseberries, per hf.-sieve, 1* 6d to 3* 

 Walnuts, perbush., shelled, 16* to 20* 



F R.T7TTS. 



Oranges, per dozen, 1* to USd 



— per 100, 6* to 16* 

 Lemons, perdn/en, 1* to2* 



— per 100, 6* to U* 

 Almonds, per peck, 6* no 7* 

 Sweet Almond., per lb., 2' WW w 

 Nuts, Spanish, per bushel,™* 



— Brazil, 16* 



— Barcelona, 20* to 24s 



— Cob, 14* 



Rhubarb, per bundle, 3d to ls6d 

 Cabbages, per dozen, 6d to i* €d 



— Red, per dozen, 2* to 8* 

 Cauliflowers, per doz. f 1* to 4* 

 Sorrel, per hf.-sieve, 6d to 9d 

 Asparagus, per 100, 1* to 4* Gd 

 Artichokes, per doz , -2* to 5* 

 French Beans, per 100, 1* t<» 2* 

 Autumn Potatoes, per lb., 3d 

 Greens, per dozen, 1* 6d to 2* 6d 

 Potatoes, old, per ton, 50* to 90* 



— per cwt., 2* Gd to 4* Gd 



— per bushel, 1* Gd to 3* 



— Kidney, p. bush., 2* fid 



— New, per cwt , 8* to 10* 

 Frame Potatoes, per 1 V>, Zd to 6d 

 New Turnips, per bunch, *d to Gd 

 Peas, per bushel sieve, 2* Gd to 5s Gd 

 Red Beet, per doz., 1* to 6* 



New Carrots, 4<t to 1* 



Radishes, Tur.,p. 12 bchs.,1* to U61 



Basil, per bunch, 4d to Gd 



VEGETABLES. 



Horse Radish, per bundle, 2s toW 

 Savory, per bunch, 3*1 to 6d 

 Cucumbers, each, 4d to 1. 1 

 Spinach, per m™> u **V>s* 

 Leeks, per do*, bun., 3* to 6* 



Garlic, perlb-,6dto8d 

 Onions, per bunch, 2d to ,10* 



— lanre, per bushel, I* * n \** 

 Z Spfnish.perdoz l^toSi 



Shallots, per lb,, Sd to Wd 



— Green, per bunch. 3d to •» 



Lettuce, per .core, 6d to -# 

 Celery, per buneh.WM" 

 Mushroom., per pottle. 2» to 3*^ 

 Small Salad., per punnet, w » 



Watercress, p. 1« • m - 1 b ;"',Jftl 

 Parsley, per ht.-steve.l'^l'j;, 

 Tarra K on, Green, per bun h,W- 



Green Mint, per bunch. U w« 

 Marjoram, per bunch. 4 << * J« 

 Chervil, per punnet, id to* 



id 



Straw 



gfe to 34* 



HAY.— Per Load of 36 Trusses. 

 Smithpibi.d, June 27. 



Prime Upland Hay 95s to 102s I New Hay 70s to 77» 



Interior - - 80 86- I Clover 120 ^ CooP „, Sale«n««- 



Cpmbbrland Markbt, June 27- 



Superior Old Hay 10Os to 110s I Superior Clover MOs to 150s 



iuper 

 nferi 



Interior 

 New Hay 



88 

 70 



93 Interior 



„ 120 130 

 84 I New Clover o8Hu P5 B J£ ^ ^^ 



Straw 3lit»«» 



Hay 



— fine 



Whitkchapel, June 28. 



84« to 90s I Clover - 120s to 126s I Straw; 

 95 100 — fine 130 140 



POTATOES.— South wark Waterside, "{""J Jii#iH*M 



- 80s tolOOs Essex and Sussex Blues __ _ 



__ ...•_ t__„..u zri«4n«vi * — • 



• 60 



clination 01 the Aoideis. mere were a levr arrival- .. • . man d 



Holland, and the supply appears more than sunyient, as n 



very limited. This market will shortly close for the • eflS ^ n ;_ _ f to 



Vork Reds - 



Perth * ■ 



Early Derone - 



Late Devons • • 



Cornwall • • 



Dutch Whites - 

 Kent and Essex Kidneyi 



75 



* 95 100 



» 50 



*>0 



VVisbeach Kidneyi 



__ blues - ^ 



— Whites - * go ;o 



j eT4 *y aid Guernsey Blue" _ — 



Prince Regents m m ^ — 



York Shaw* 









