49* 



THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 



England and Scotland, in this new branch of trade, i 

 situated in 26° 13' 34" south latitude, a few miles (abou 



•eason proves it to be in high estimation. We may be 

 allowed to add a few words as to the mcfe*! oper nudum. 

 It is to be understood that the manure is to be piiced in 

 the drill so as when covered its surface snav not be less 

 than three inches below that of the soil. The coulter of 

 the sowing machine is to be placed so as to penetrate to 

 the above depth, and deposit the seed on the top of the 

 manure. The pressure of the roller which follows causes 

 the earth to subside, generally about an inch and a half, 

 at which depth it thus leaves the seed, so that, in reality, 

 the actual depth of deposition is not so great as, at a 

 glance, the readers of Mr. Walls' former communication 

 would be apt to imagine. We talked over the matter 

 with a gentleman whose experience enables him to give a 

 correct opinion on the merits of the system, and with 

 this explanation he thinks it more than probable its 

 practice will be generally and profitably adopted. — 

 Ed. A. A.] 



Guano. — The Island of Ichaboe. — We have been fa- 

 voured with the following •• Remarks on the Island of 

 Ichaboe, and the adjacent Coast of Africa," which we 

 copy almost literally from the notes of the master of a 

 ▼essel who has repeatedly visited them, and is well qua- 

 lified to express an opinion on the subjects on which he 

 treats. The island of Ichaboe, which has caused so 

 much commotion amongst merchants, shipowners, and 

 speculators, and which has given rise to the employment 

 of many vessel^ from some of the principal ports both of 



. > s 

 (about 

 twenty-two) north of Angra i'equina — a well determined 

 position, which vetsels bound for Ichaboe generally try 

 to make. The main land, for several hundred miles on 

 both sides of Angra Pequina, presents to the eye of the 

 manner a barren, inhospitable, and dangerous line of 

 seacoast, lying low, though backed with high land in 

 the interior. The strong glare arising from the arid 

 sand and the density of the atmosphere calls for the ut- 

 most vigilance and caution on the part of the master- 

 mariner approaching it during the night ; for, if he once 

 gets deceived, and into the current which sets upon the 

 shore, the destruction of his vessel is inevitable. Along 

 this line of coast there is not the slightest symptom of 

 Tegefation ; indeed, it is much to be questioned whether 

 vegetation would thrive, whatever might be the quality 

 of the soil, as no rains fall in this region. True, there 

 are heavy dews, occasionally falling both day and night ; 

 but the cold is so severe, for such a high latitude, during 

 the fogs, and the sun, when it does break forth, is so 

 powerful and scorching, that, in all probability, between 

 these alternating temperatures and opposite extremes of 

 weather, no vegetation could survive. The island itself 

 is a barren, shelving rock, about a mile long from north 

 to south, and half a mile across at its broadest part, — 

 viz., from its south-west to its north-east point. It is 

 bounded all round by reefs, except on its eastern side, 

 where there is anchorage in from five to six fathoms. 

 A portion of the island is in the form of a flat shelf, 

 about 1100 feet long and 500 feet broad in the widest 

 part. Upon this shelf is accumulated that deposit of 

 guano which gives so much celebrity to the island, aud 

 which varies in depth from 35 to 38 feet. Taking the 

 average width of the deposit at 400 feet, and assuming 

 the average depth to be 36 feet, the total quantity of 

 guano will be about 158 millions of cubic feet. The cli- 

 mate of Ichaboe, notwithstanding the effluvia of the 

 volatile ammoniacal gases emitted from the guano, is 

 very healthy. As one proof of its salubrity, he mentions 

 the fact, that at a period when no fewer than thirty-five 

 ships were lying off the island, their crews, comprising 

 altogether not fewer than about seven hundred men, 

 most of whom were enduring exce2dingly laborious em- 

 ployment in that hot region, there were only five cases 

 of sickness within his knowledge, and these were com- 

 plaints or affV ctions of the lungs. As has been already 

 remarked, there falls during the night a very heavy dew, 

 attended with a piercing coldness of temperature ; and 

 even during the day, if the sun's rays be intercepted, a 

 cold disagreeable sensation was immediately experienced. 

 On the sun again breaking forth, its rays speedily 

 scorched the lips, and indeed the whole face and hands 

 of every person of fair complexion ; and the lips of very 

 few escaped this tormenting annoyance. Our informant 

 suffered the most excruciating pain in his lips, and the 

 skin of his face and hands, from which the only relief 

 be could find was by anointing the skin with hog's lard, 

 in imitation of the custom of the inhabitants of the main- 

 k"?. d » wno profusely lubricate their persons with palm oil. 

 vVith reference to the guano itself, the notes to which 

 we refer express a decided opinion on the part of the 

 writer, that the substance is not, as has been generally 

 supposed, exclusively composed of the excrement of 



t?^r n 8 ' wWch he believes t0 f0 "* only « compara- 

 xlllnZ ?TT ° f the ma88 ' He eposes it chiefly 



a^imT n K C dec T P ° 8ed Dodies of *»"ne birds and 

 animals, together with the eggs of the former and the 



SZTfo r ? V TT ° f \° tb * Ara0n * st other facts and 



fnnowfn/ H ***** n*" ^'^ U ™ntion. the 



following .—He personally superintended the working 

 or excavating of a pit of guano, 35 feet by 18 feet and 

 from all that came daily under his observation he was 

 inclined to the opinion that this barren rock had been a 

 favourite place of resort for ages, for penguins and other 

 aquatic birds : that myriads of them had successively de- 

 posited their eggs there, and had subsequently died on the 

 island ; and that it had also been a favourite haunt of 

 seals and other marine animals. In working the pit the 

 men occasionally came to a stratum of a light brown 

 colour, and of greater levity than the strata above and 

 below it, and embedded in tbis stratum they invariably 



found numerous skeletons of pengu : n«, in the list stage 

 of decomposition, and vast quantities of their egq 

 Having worked through this, the men would probably 

 come after a time to another stratum of a much darker 

 brown, and much heavier description ; and the substance 

 composing the bulk of this stratum, when rubbed be- 

 tween the fingers, would dissolve like tallow and exude 

 much more oil or fat than the first. Thoughout this 

 dark-coloured stratum, the men occasionally found many 

 bones and skeletons of seals nearly decomposed, and but 

 very rarely any remains of penguins. The eppearance 

 of the stratum suggested to him the idea of a great num- 

 ber of seals having been washed on shore, or having lain 

 down in this spot to die. He adds that the strata were 

 not by any means regular in their alternations ; but as a 

 general rule, he did not find both the light and the dark- 

 coloured strata in close succession. The pit here referred 

 to was in the centre of the island. — Manchester Guardian. 



[July 20 f 



COYEST GARDEN. July 20—Tne rr^ii^aTT^^ 

 been well suppli.d with both Fruit and Ve^e tabled h*? 

 barter are of better quality than they were la! weV TrS* 

 has also b«cn a little broker. Pine Apples are irood anriTl** 

 tiful A targe quantity have been imported ff,:' S&ft* 

 auuNass.u. In the Bahama Islands. They are of th R?,? 

 Kye and Providence varieties, and are offered at fn.m ? , l % 

 5s. Gd each. They arrived in good condition, but are slid E 

 be of rather inferior quality. In the Bahama Isl to 



Notices to Correspondents. 



« 



Barkivg Tjkks.— CteriCMi V. a*ks if any of our correspondents 

 can susrtest a simple means of preventing cows from gnawing 

 the bark of trees? 



Charcoal.- E. Bute — This word applies only to charred wood. 

 Charred coal \*coke. 



Ci.ovkr ggwPf &C.—A DgghmBr* MalUm Rye grass is the best 

 tobsti'ute now. Sow ^>psum broadcast in wet weather, 

 early in sprint:. Soap-ashes and gyp-urn are both useful 

 additions to your compost heap; the more compound you 

 can make it the better. If you put burnt gypsum into your 

 tank put In bur little at atime, and slir it well, and it will not 

 cake. Sulphuric acid is, however, a better material; on thi 

 however, we must refer you to articles on liquid manure and 

 fixation of ammonia in the two last Numbers of this Paper. 

 You must not add lime to any manure containing ammonia, 

 or producing it, during putrefaction. The two substance** 

 are incompatible, and lime is The stronger of the two, so that 

 it drives off ammonia wherever it meets with it. Fresh mould 

 and freshly-burnt charcoal powder are both good things to 

 mix with cloacme, whether the object be to cneck smell or 

 loss of ammonia. 



Diskasr in PiQ9 f —Anon. 9 Holly Bank —Next week. 



Draiv-timss and Chemical Apparatus. — Agricola, — The 

 notice by Mr. Cot t am of the Benenden tile- machine, in our 

 last week's report of the weekly meeting of the English 

 Agricultural Society will perhaps serve your purpose. With 

 regard to your second question we answer, ** the former." 



Elkctro Tinning.— M. Q.— We have made fruitless inquiries on 

 this subject. Probably the expense would be an insurmount- 

 able objection. Will the ordinary earthenware pans, or the 

 glass ones now cornine: into use, not answer your purpose? 



Failure in Clover.— E. T— You must wait till alter harvest, 

 and sow Italian Rye grass, and, if the land be in suitable 

 condition, Clover seed on the patches, which, if the weather 

 be favourable, will soon be covered. 



Flax Dodder — II F. informs us that a field of Flax which he 

 lately visited is being rapidly destroyed by this weed, the 

 appearance of whirl, there cannot be accounted for, as the 

 seed was grown by the occupiei last year, and there was no 

 Dodder amongst it. We mull suppose that his informant 

 has been mistaken on this point. The only way to get rid of 

 it is to use clean seed on c □ ground, and that is necessarily 

 effectual. The (lover Dodder at first is nourished from the 

 ground, but as soon as it has laid hold of its victim, it be- 

 comes wholly parasitical. (See p. 627 of Gard. Chnm. % 1843.) 



Flour Mill.— IF. C. — We have no experience. Dean's bears 

 a high character. 



Grass Skkds.— Delta says that " Arthur Young said that he had 

 sown Grass seeds in August and September, and never failed, 

 but on sowing rhem in spring he had often failed. In all 

 modern works these seeds are recommended to be put in at 

 spring time. Have Arthur Young*s opinions lost their 

 former worth ? or is modern experience better than his ? Yet 

 even now a-days his principles of farming are inculcated as 

 the true ones; but his name is seldom uttered." It is, we 

 believe, sufficiently well established that Clover and Grass 

 seeds are hurer of successful growth if sown in spring than 

 if sown in autumn. 4 lbs. of burnt gypsum are equal in 

 chemical effect to about 5 lbs. of the unburnt. Only, if you 

 use the former on land, take care to spread it evenly, for if 

 any quantity together get wetted, it will set, and be almost 

 useless. 

 Land Society. — H. F. — We do not know Mr. F. O'Connor's 

 work. It appears to us that the purchase of land to be culti- 

 vated by the spade is a very expensive mode of patronising 

 spade culture. 



Mangold Wurzel.— Silton.— It is good food for sheep. It 

 improves by keeping, and should not be used till April. We 

 grew 600 tons last year, of which 400 must have been eaten 

 by sheep. 



Potato Washer.— IT. C— The Potato-washer that we use 

 is a cylindrical framework 20 inches in diameter and 40 inches 

 long, whose axle works in Y% placed about three inches 

 above the level of water, in a box. From this box, on one 

 side of it, two curved arms extend ; and when the Potatoes 

 have been thoroughly washed, the chains attached to the 

 extremities of these arms are hooked into eyes on the axle of 

 the cylindrical framework, so that on continuing the rotatory 

 movement it is wound up out of the water with its contents, 

 which are thus easily removed. 



Sulphuric Acid. — A Wiltshire Clergyman. — It should be 

 diluted with five or six weights of water, when used on the 

 dunghill, and with two or three weights when to be used in 

 the tank. Jerusalem Artichokes are not poisonous when 

 given to pigs or young cattle along with other food ; that is 

 the amount of our experience. Thanks for your hint about 

 referring to back Numbers. 



Erratum.— Page 468, under the heading "Drainage" for 

 "Charcoal is almost impenetrable," read "Charcoal is 

 almost imperishable." 



♦♦♦As usual , many communications have been received too late. 



and Nectarine* there is a good supply, and Qm^Ctanfr 

 and Piums, are sufficient for the demand. Gooseberries Cur* 

 rants, and Strawberries, are also plentiful; some fine Melons 

 are also in the maket Anion* Vegetables Caulifl .wers are 

 getting scarcer and have considerably advanced lu price since 

 our last report. Cabbages are a li- tie cheaper, as are also 

 French Beans. Peas are plentiful at last week's prices. Little 

 alterati -«n bas taken place in the prices of Carrots or Tuniios 

 Potatoes are a Mtle dearer, as is also Celery. Vegetable Mar 

 row is nearly the same as it was last week. °Amonr Cut 

 Flowers we noticed several species of Erica, Erythrina* Crista 

 galli, Ceanothus azureus. Carnations and Picotees, Verbenas 

 Pelargoniums, Gardenias, Fuchsias, Moss, Provence and 

 China Roses. 



FRUITS. 

 Pine Apple, per lb., 4s to R* 



Hothouse Grnpes, perlb., 2s to 6s 



If slant, sschySc to t>* 



Peaches, uer dozen, 6$ to 12* 

 Apples, Desert, per bush-, 3s to 6s 



— Kitchen, 2s 6<t to 4* 

 Pears. Dps*., p«»r haif-sv., 2s to 5s 

 Cherries, ^ all, perlb., 1j to 2* 



— Standards, per d<«z , \s to3s 

 Currants, per halt-sieve, 4* to 6s 

 Strawberries, per gallon, Gd to 2s 



Gooseberries, per hf.-sieve, \s6d to is 

 Walnuts, pickling, perbsh.,5* to 6s 

 Oranges, per dozen, \s to 2s 



— per 100, 5* to \Ss 



— bitter, per 100, Qs to lis 

 Lemons, per d«»»«&, U tog* 



— per Hio, Hs to Us 

 Almonds, per peck, tis 

 Sweet Almond*, p**r lb., 2s 6d 

 Nuts, Barcelona, 22s 



— Cob, 14* 



Cabbages, per dozen, 2d to Is 

 Can iriowers. per doz. f 3s to Us 

 Sorrel, p*r hf.- sieve, 6d to 9d 

 Artichokes, per doz, Is to 3s 

 French Beans, per hf -sv., Is 6d to 3s 

 Potatoes, old, per ton, 50s to 80s 

 — per vwi. K 2s 6d to 4* 

 — - . per bushel. Is 6d to 3s 



— Kidney, p. bush., 2s 6d 



— New, per cwt , 3s to 8s 



— per hair-sieve, Is 6Vito 5s 

 New Turnips, per bunch, arf to lOrf 

 Peas, per bushel sieve, Is 6d to 3s 

 Red Beet, per doz.. Is to 2s 



New Carrots, 4</ to Is 



Basil, per bunch, id to 6d 



Horse Kadish, per bundle, 2s to 8* 



Savory, per bunch, dd to 6d 



Cucumbers, each, 2d to Is vd 



VEGETABLES. 



Vegetable Marrow, per doz., Od to 2s 

 Spinach, per sievt-. 2s to 3s 

 Leeks, wer bun., 3d to id 

 Chillies, per d«>z., Is 

 Garlic, per lb-.6rf to Sd 

 Onions, per bunch, 2d to ~d 



— large, per bfi>h.l, \$ to 8s 

 Shallots, per lb., id to *id 



— Green, per bunch, 3// to id 

 Lettuce, per score, tid to Is 6d 

 Celery, per bunch, Is to Is 'Id 

 Mushrooms, per pottle, 2s to 3s 6d 

 Small Saads, per punnet, 2d to 3d 

 Watercress, p. 12 sm. bun. 3^ to 6d 

 Parsley, per ht -sieve, Is to is 6d 

 Tarragon, Green, per bunch, 3d to 44 

 Green Mint, per bunch, 2d to id 

 Marjoram, per bunch, id to 6d 

 Chervil, per punnet, 3d to 3d 



MARK-LANE, Mondav, July 15. 

 We had a good supply of English Wheat at Market thismorn- 

 in?, which met a slow sale at a decline of U. to 25. per qr, at 

 which reduction a large proportion remained unsold. For 

 Foreign there was a retail inquiry ; the finest old at about late 

 prices, but common descriptions and new must be written fully 

 I*, lower. — Barley was very dull, hut we do not alter our quota- 

 tions.— Beans are again is. cheaper, and Peas are the turn 

 lower. — The arrival of Oats beins very considerable, little pro- 

 gress could be made with sales, even at Is. below the rates of 

 Ust week. 



BRrTISH, PER IMPKRFAL QUARTER. 



Wheat, Essex, Kent, and Suffolk . . White 



Norfolk, Lincolnshire, and Yorkshire 



Barley, Malting aad distilling 27s to 30s Chevalier 

 Oats, Lincolnnhire and Yorkshire . . Polands 

 — Northumberland and .Scotch . . Feed 



Irish Feed 



Malt, oale, ship ■ 



Hertford and Essex 



Kye 



Beans, Mazajran, old and new 27 to 32 Tick 



Pigeon, Heligoland . 33 to 36 Winds — 



Peas, White . . . . 34 to 87 Maple 30 



8. 

 44 

 B0 



20 

 20 



68 



00 



■2 V 



U 



54 

 to 



23 

 23 

 23 

 62 

 63 

 32 

 33 



33 



Red . 



White 



<Trind. 



Feed 



Potato 



Potato 



S. 



46 



u 



19 

 21 

 19 



8. 

 51 



32 

 ■ 

 25 

 84 



Harrow 30 

 Longpod — 

 Grey V 



33 

 31 



ARRIVALS IN THK HIVKR LAST IVKUK. 



Flour. 

 Kneliih . 5451 Sks. — Brls. 

 Irish . . — ,, — 

 Fore r gn . — » 1830 



»9 

 »9 



Wht. 



Barl. 



Malt. 



Oats. 



Rye. 



Bns. 



5908 



225 



7394 



492 



mm 



801 



— 



_ 



20 



44926 



mm 



8 



1 7041 



6061 



— 



8313 



__ 



464 



Peat 

 295 



2541 



Frix>ay, July l£f. 



The arrivals of Wheat during the week have been good ; the 

 trade, both for English and Foreign, very dull at Monday's quo- 

 tations, business being extremely limited, and confined to 

 necessitous purchasers.— Barley is a heavy sale. — We observe 

 no alteration in Beans and Peas.— Oats continue difficult of dis- 

 posal, but there appears less inclination to press sales than there 

 has been. 



ARRIVALS THIS WEEK, 



English 

 Irish 



Foreign 



Wheat 

 5660 



5900 



Barley 



80 





iftarfem. 



- 25s to 34s 



HAY.— Per Load of 36 Trusses. 

 Smithfikld, July 19. 



Prime Meadow Hay 94s to Ms I Clover - loos to 1200 I Straw 

 Inferior „ 75 90 | | 



Job* Coofek, Salesman. 



Cumberland Market, July 18. 



Superior Old H»y M« to 100s J Superior Clover 120s to l$6s I 



Interior - B4 gU?^»w » 108 115 Straw 28s to 83s 



New Hay 70 «8 | New Clover &0 los I -«•*««»■ 



Joshua Bak»b, Hay Salesman. 



Whitkchafkl, July 19. 



" *• to *£ f I 2 ,d C i? ter l,5i 13 °»1 Straw - 26s toa4s 

 - 70 80 NewClorer 70 \oo -»si0 34s 



June 7 per Quarter. 



— 14 . 



— SI . 



— 28 . 

 July 5 . 



— 12 . 



6 weeks' Agffreg. Aver. 

 Duties on Foreign Grain 



5810 



IMPERIAL AVERAGES. 

 Wheat, j Barley.l Oats. 

 55s rid 31 s id 

 55 9 81 10 

 55 8 82 8 

 55 9 34 

 55 8 34 5 

 54 10 34 10 



Oats 



2560 



22260 



2770 



lour 



3190Sk 



65 6 33 2 



17 o- 



5 



Canary - • per qr 

 Carraway - per cwt 



Clover, Red, English 

 _ — Foreign 



— White, Knglish - 



— — Foreign 

 Coriander - 



Hempseed • per last 



Linseed - - per qr 



— Baltic 



— Cakes, Eng. per 1000 



44 



60 

 64 

 100 

 84 

 12 

 88 



7 

 10 



m 



SEEDS, July 15. 



60s to 54s LinseedCakes,Foreign,p.ton6/to7nOi 

 48 Mustard, White - p. bush. 5« 



74 — Superfine „ • • 



74 _ . Brown o • ~" 



130 Rapeseed, English, per last 23/ 



125 Rape Cakes - per ton — — 



18 Sainfoin - - — n 



40 Tares, Eng. winter p. bush. 5 7 



_ «— — Foreign - — 



— — Trefoil - - per cwt — — 



10/ 10/ 10s Turnip (too variable for quotation;. 



HOPS, Fridav, July 19- m . 



Sincb last week the accounts continue to come more unfavourable , »■ 

 duty, in consequence, is receding, and the market improving. 



Pattk*drh h Smith, Hop-Factors; 



SMITHFIELD, Monday, July 15.— Per stone of 8 lbs. 



BestSeots, Hereford*, Ac. 3i8to4.0 Best Downs & Half-breds «10to«» 

 Best Short Horns -3638 Best Long-wools - - 3 ® * 



Second quality Beasts - 3 3 4 Ewes and second quality ^ ^ f 

 Calves - - - -3844 Lambs - " " 4 * 



Pigs ----3440 *c*. 



Beasts, 2604; Sheep and Lambs, 34,280; Calves, 154; Figs,3«w. 



Although we are not ov.r-supplied with good Beasts, the trade '■J£*TJ^ 

 the best Scot-, &c. find, however, plently of buyers at, and >n » omc . 

 instances a little over, 4s per 8 lbs ; there is a rolerabljr.ready sale, wo, 10 ► 

 Short horns at 3s 8d ; but we have a large proportion f, f, m lS IT ve a ftxll 

 which are not readily disposed of. Very tew remain unsold. , _ we n* n€AT \ T 

 market of Sheep, and trade rules rather heavv ; notwithstanding, 1 •^ mtUmm 



Old Hs 

 New 



» y . 



ay 



loo 



WOOL.— British, Friday, July 19. 



«f°r^ W ' P ? 1 1 ? a, 1 k€t contin " p f ac * iv . e ' »" d P»«, are 8rm. The Public Sale, 

 of Colonial Wool, are bow being held, at which the attendance i. lar«r- 



per lb. 



Lonjj.trooled Wethera llJdtolsO} 



I>o. Ho«jriua U 1 13 



Southdown Fleecea Hi 1 »£ 



endance it large. 



Spmhdown Hoggin. U* toi, 2i 



11 18 

 » Wool Broker. 



Kent Fleece. 



ly s* F tn * *• *" " 



of very middling quality which are verr unselling. There w * P 

 demand for the best Calves at fully 4s 4d per 8 lbs* 



Friday, July 19- alteratiosi 



Our supply of Beatts to-day is moderate; we cannot *bser*e any ^^ 



from Monday's prices ; the best Hi ots, ore, are making * boUt *' T ' to „day. 

 Short-horns about 3s 8d per 8 lbs. Our supply of Sheep l ». ral " r / ftnH i tm b Is 

 and the best qualities are readily sold at W onda y' s ^ HlH>D, n JI much v**Y 

 rather scarce, and fully maintains its price, &• P* 1 ", 8 llb#; , w / „ ll , M i Calv«* *■ 

 inferior making no more than about 4s 4d- The demand JV r «°^J maki&ff 

 rather brisker, and there is a small advance in the best qualities, to j 

 4s 6d per a lbs. p*»« 340 



Bsasu,607; Shsep and Lambs, a&W; c ^ fW '^^^s«itnfisW- 



